2001
Background on the TBNRM Project
The Bibliography
Contexte du Projet de Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles
La bibliographie
Biodiversity Support Program Transboundary Project Publications /
Publications relatives au projet transfrontalier du Biodiversity Support ProgramReferences Cited in This Publication / Références citées dans cette publication
Selected Internet Resources / Ressources Internet sélectionnées
Ecosystems, Natural Resources and Conservation /
Écosystèmes, ressources naturelles et conservationEcology and Biogeography / Écologie et biogéographie
Biodiversity Conservation / Conservation de la biodiversité
Ecosystem Management and Bioregional Approaches /
Gestion des écosystèmes et approches biorégionalesDrylands, Savannas, and Desert Ecosystems /
Écosystèmes de terres arides, de savanes et de désertsForest Ecosystems / Écosystèmes forestiers
Freshwater Resources, Watersheds, and Wetlands /
Ressources d’eau douce, bassins hydrographiques et terres humidesMigratory Species and Wildlife Management (Mammals, Birds, and Fish) /
Espèces migratoires et Gestion de la faune (mammifères, oiseaux et poissons)Protected Areas and Conservation / Aires protégées et conservation
Transboundary Conservation (Transboundary Conservation Areas, Transboundary Protection Areas, and Peace Parks) /
Conservation transfrontalière (zones de conservation transfrontalière, aires transfrontalières protégées et parcs pour la paix)Human Use of Natural Resources /
Utilisation humaine des ressources naturellesAgriculture, Pastoralism, and Fisheries / Agriculture, élevage et pêche
Human Settlements, Land Use, Local Communities, and Indigenous Peoples /
Établissements humains, utilisation des sols, communautés locales et peuples autochtonesCommunity-Based Natural Resource Management and Management of Common Property Resources /
Gestion communautaire des ressources naturelles et gestion des ressources en copropriétéResource Extraction Enterprises (Hunting, Game Ranching, Mining, and Logging) /
Entreprises d’extraction des ressources (chasse, exploitation de gibier, exploitation minières et exploitation forestière)Sustainable Harvest of Natural Products /
Récoltes durables de produits naturelsEconomic Studies of Natural Resource Management /
Études économiques relatives à la gestion des ressources naturellesSustainable Development and Integrated Conservation and Development /
Développement durable et conservation et développement intégrésTourism / Tourisme
Natural Resource Policy, Law, and Politics /
Politiques et lois relatives aux ressources naturellesBoundaries and Borderlands—Politics and Political Geography /
Limites et frontières – Politiques et géopolitiqueEnvironmental Security, Armed Conflict, and Natural Resources /
Sécurité environnementale, conflit armé et ressources naturellesProperty Rights, Tenure, and Land Reform /
Droits de propriété, régime foncier et réforme agraireNatural Resource and Environmental Laws and Policies /
Lois et politiques relatives aux ressources naturelles et à l’environnementStudies on Natural Resource and Environmental Laws and Policies /
Études sur les lois et politiques relatives aux ressources naturelles et à l’environnementTransboundary International Law and Treaties /
Droit international transfrontalier et traités transfrontaliersTransboundary Cooperation and Institutions for Shared Natural Resources /
Coopération transfrontalière et institutions vouées aux ressources naturelles communesGeneral and Miscellaneous TBNRM References /
Références TBRNM générales et diverses
Publication Credits
Authors:
Harry van der Linde, Dorothy C. Zbicz, and Josh Stevens
Publication Services: Grammarians, Inc.
Publication Manager: Aziz Gökdemir
Design: Laura Hurst
Cover Photos: Edward Mendell, Kate Newman, and Harry van der Linde (top,
left to right); and John Griffin (bottom)
Cover Design: Steve Hall and Chris Henke
Desktop Publishing: Carol Levie
BSP Transboundary Natural Resource Management Project Director: Harry van der Linde
BSP Director of Communications: Sheila Donoghue
Director of BSP’s Africa & Madagascar Program and BSP Executive Director: Judy Oglethorpe
Please cite this publication as: van der Linde, H., D. Zbicz, and J.
Stevens. 2001. Beyond Boundaries: A Bibliography on Transboundary Natural
Resource Management in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity
Support Program.
The Biodiversity Support Program (BSP) is a consortium of World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy and World Resources Institute, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). BSP’s mission is to promote conservation of the world’s biological diversity. We believe that a healthy and secure living resource base is essential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations. BSP began in 1988 and will close down in December 2001.
Our communications activities are designed to share what we are learning through our field and research activities. To accomplish this, we try to analyze both our successes and our failures. We hope our work will serve conservation practitioners as a catalyst for further discussion, learning and action so that more biodiversity is conserved. Our communications programs include print publications, Web sites, presentations and workshops.
We invite you to visit our Web sites.
*Biodiversity
Support Program: www.BSPonline.org
*Biodiversity Conservation Network: www.BCNet.org
CARPE: Central African Regional Program for the Environment: http://carpe.umd.edu
*Until the end of 2006, these two sites will be available at the addresses above. WWF-US will be hosting these sites on its Web site. BSP thanks WWF for providing this service.
Many of our publications are available online at www.BSPonline.org. On our home page, click on publications. You can view publications online until the end of 2006. You may contact us by mail, phone or fax until December 2001.
Biodiversity
Support Program
c/o World Wildlife Fund
1250 24th St. NW
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Phone: 202-861-8347; Fax: 202-861-8324; E-mail: BSP@wwfus.org;
Web Site: www.BSPonline.org
The Biodiversity Support Program (BSP) is a consortium of World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy, and World Resources Institute, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). This publication was made possible through support provided to BSP by the Africa Bureau of USAID, under the terms of Cooperative Agreement Number AOT-A-00-99-00228-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID.
© 2001 by World Wildlife Fund, Inc., Washington, D.C. All rights reserved. Reproduction of this publication for educational and other noncommercial purposes is authorized without prior permission of the copyright holder. However, WWF, Inc. does request advance written notification and appropriate acknowledgment. WWF, Inc. does not require payment for the noncommercial use of its published works and in no way intends to diminish use of WWF research and findings by means of copyright.
In the past decade, attention to the need for transboundary natural resource management (TBNRM) has continued to increase, for the multiple benefits it may offer to natural resource management, biodiversity conservation, and economic development. Over the past four years, the Biodiversity Support Program (BSP) has undertaken an in-depth, multi-layered analysis of transboundary natural resource management in sub-Saharan Africa. This project has resulted in numerous publications, all of which contribute in some measure to one’s understanding of the issue (all are available online at www.BSPonline.org). The process of producing these publications uncovered a large amount of literature from many fields of inquiry that touch on the subject of TBNRM in some way. Since the material is drawn from so many different academic disciplines, we recognized that compiling it together into a single bibliography of TBNRM-related references would hopefully save others the trouble of attempting to identify and locate these readings individually.
Thus was born this bibliography of TBNRM references. It was created foremost with natural resource managers in mind, although we hope that other government personnel, or staff of NGOs and donor agencies, teachers, or even researchers find it useful as well. The focus is on TBNRM in sub-Saharan Africa, although it also includes TBNRM-related references from other parts of the world that might be applicable for Africa. The resulting product, while most useful for those working in African TBNRM, should also be helpful for those interested in managing natural resources across boundaries everywhere else.
Background on the TBNRM Project
BSP’s TBNRM project was initiated in 1998 with a study on the opportunities and constraints for TBNRM in Southern Africa, at the request of USAID’s Regional Center for Southern Africa (RCSA). The second phase of the project expanded to include West, Central, and Eastern Africa; BSP commissioned regional overviews and case studies in each region, and undertook a pan-African analysis. Findings from all four regions were used as the basis for a preliminary analysis. A workshop was then organized in Zimbabwe in April 2001 with practitioners from all four regions in sub-Saharan Africa, for in-depth discussions on current thinking on and understanding of TBNRM. A small writing team of BSP staff and consultants incorporated the project findings into one publication (van der Linde et al. 2001). The first phase was managed by Judy Oglethorpe and the second phase by Harry van der Linde.
The Bibliography
This bibliography began as a composite of the references from all BSP TBNRM publications (listed separately at the beginning of this bibliography). A subsequent literature review on topics directly and indirectly related to TBNRM, with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa, identified additional references for inclusion in the bibliography. Numerous references were taken from Zbicz (1999), and only a limited number of Web sites are included. The authors would also like to thank José Kalpers and Jay Singh for their contributions.
Since TBNRM is a relatively new field of inquiry, the compilers had to invent the criteria to follow in determining which references to include in this bibliography. The criteria used for inclusion were as follows:
We do not claim that this is an exhaustive bibliography of the subject. Although every attempt has been made to include all relevant references, omissions were unavoidable, especially considering the short time frame within which this project was undertaken. We extend sincere apologies to any omitted authors and for relevant references we missed.
Following compilation, the references were clustered into categories in order to simplify the process of finding references of interest to specific users. (Otherwise the overall bibliography could have proven cumbersome for hurried resource managers seeking to find a document relevant to their specific needs.) The categories grew out of the bibliography, rather than the reverse. Each reference has been listed only once, in a single category. This proved a particularly difficult task as most of the references could easily have been listed under several different categories. The compilers made their best judgment calls about where a user would look first for such a reference.
The compilers hope this document will be helpful in taking decisions regarding the application of TBNRM and wish to thank those who have contributed to and provided assistance for this project, many unaware. The errors are ours alone.
Harry van der Linde
Dorothy C. Zbicz
Josh Stevens
November 2001
Au cours des dix dernières années, l’attention portée sur le besoin d’une gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles (TBNRM) n’a cessé de croître, en raison des nombreux avantages que celle-ci peut apporter en terme de gestion des ressources naturelles, de conservation de la biodiversité, et de développement économique. Ces quatre dernières années, le Biodiversity Support Program (BSP) a entrepris une analyse approfondie, et à plusieurs niveaux, de la gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles dans la région du sud du Sahara africain. Ce projet a donné lieu à de nombreuses publications, chacune d’entre elles contribuant dans une certaine mesure à la compréhension du problème (toutes sont disponibles en ligne à l’adresse www.BSPonline.org). La réalisation de ces publications a mis au jour un grand nombre d’ouvrages couvrant de nombreux domaines d’enquête portant, d’une manière ou d’une autre, sur le thème de la Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles. Etant donné que ces documents proviennent d’une très grande variété de disciplines académiques, nous avons pensé que rassembler ces documents en une seule et unique bibliographie relative à la Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles permettrait, nous l’espérons, d’épargner à d’autres personnes la difficulté qui consiste à tenter d’identifier et de situer ces ouvrages individuellement.
C’est ainsi qu’est née la bibliographie de la Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles. Elle a été conçue en gardant à l’esprit l’idée que celle-ci puisse s’adresser aux gestionnaires des ressources naturelles, mais nous espérons que d’autres membres d’agences gouvernementales, d’ONG ainsi que d’organismes donateurs, professeurs ou même chercheurs la trouveront utile également. La documentation vise principalement la Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles en Afrique subsaharienne, bien qu’elle intègre également des références relatives à d’autres régions du monde et qui pourraient être étendues à l’Afrique. Le document ainsi produit, bien qu’il soit plus utile aux personnes travaillant dans le domaine de la Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles en Afrique, devrait également être utile à toute personne intéressée par la gestion des ressources naturelles au-delà des frontières, partout ailleurs.
Contexte du Projet de Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles
Le Projet de Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles du BSP a été lancé en 1998 par une étude sur les opportunités et contraintes d’une Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles en Afrique méridionale, à la demande du Regional Center for Southern Africa (RCSA) de l’USAID. La seconde phase du projet a été élargie afin d’inclure l’Afrique de l’ouest, l’Afrique centrale, et l’Afrique de l’est. Le BSP a demandé la réalisation d’analyses régionales et d’études de cas pour chaque région, et a entrepris une analyse panafricaine. Les résultats obtenus pour chacune des quatre régions ont été utilisés comme base à une analyse préliminaire. Un atelier a alors été mis en place au Zimbabwe en avril 2001 avec des praticiens originaires des quatre régions subsahariennes, pour procéder à des discussions très détaillées sur le concept actuel de la Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles et engager une réflexion sur la manière avec laquelle il est appréhendé. Une petite équipe de rédaction composée de membres du BSP ainsi que de consultants a intégré les résultats obtenus grâce au projet dans une publication (van der Linde et al. 2001). La première phase a été dirigée par Judy Oglethorpe et la deuxième phase par Harry van der Linde.
La bibliographie
Au départ, cette bibliographie regroupait les références de toutes les publications BSP relatives à la Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles (énumérées séparément au début de cette bibliographie). Un réexamen ultérieur de la documentation portant directement ou indirectement sur les thèmes liés à la Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles, particulièrement en Afrique subsaharienne, a permis d’identifier des références supplémentaires qui ont été incorporées dans la bibliographie. De nombreuses références ont été prises dans Zbicz (1999), et seules quelques adresses de sites Internet sont incluses. Les auteurs tiennent également à remercier José Kalpers et Jay Singh pour leur contribution.
Étant donné que la Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles est un domaine de recherche relativement nouveau, les personnes chargées de la compilation des références ont du créer des critères pour déterminer et sélectionner les références à inclure dans cette bibliographie. Ces critères sont les suivants :
Nous ne prétendons pas que cette bibliographie soit une bibliographie exhaustive sur le thème traité. Bien que nous ayons déployé tous les efforts dans le but d’inclure toutes les références utiles, des omissions sont inévitables, tout particulièrement lorsque l’on considère le peu de temps dont nous avons pu disposer pour mener à bien ce projet. Nous adressons de sincères excuses à tous les auteurs et pour toutes les références utiles que nous avons pu omettre.
Après avoir compilé ces références, nous les avons classées par catégorie afin de simplifier la tâche aux utilisateurs cherchant les références qui leur sont nécessaires. Dans le cas contraire, nous aurions produit une bibliographie qui, dans son ensemble, se serait avérée peu maniable pour des gestionnaires pressés à la recherche d’un document pouvant répondre à leurs besoins spécifiques. Les catégories ont été définies à partir de la bibliographie et non inversement. Chaque référence a été mentionnée une seule fois, dans une seule catégorie. Cette tâche s’est avérée très difficile car la plupart des références pouvaient très facilement appartenir à des catégories différentes. Les personnes chargées de la compilation des références ont fait appel à leur meilleur jugement afin de déterminer la rubrique que l’utilisateur consulterait en premier lieu pour trouver la référence recherchée.
Les rédacteurs de cette bibliographie espèrent que ce document sera utile aux décideurs pour l’application de la Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles et souhaitent remercier les personnes qui ont contribué et soutenu ce projet, bien que bon nombre d’entre elles l’aient fait inconsciemment. Nous assumons donc les erreurs commises dans cet ouvrage.
Harry van der Linde
Dorothy C. Zbicz
Josh Stevens
Novembre 2001
Biodiversity
Support Program Transboundary Project Publications /
Publications relatives au projet transfrontalier du Biodiversity Support Program
Biodiversity Support Program. 1999. Study on the Development of Transboundary Natural Resource Management Areas in Southern Africa: Highlights and Findings. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
————. 2001a. Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in West Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
————. 2001b. Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Central Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
————. 2001c. Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Eastern Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Cumming, D. H. M. 1999. Study on the Development of Transboundary Natural Resource Management Areas in Southern Africa—Environmental Context: Natural Resources, Land Use, and Conservation. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Griffin, J., D. Cumming, S. Metcalfe, M. t’Sas-Rolfes, J. Singh, E. Chonguiça, M. Rowen, and J. Oglethorpe. 1999. Study on the Development of Transboundary Natural Resource Management Areas in Southern Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Lanjouw A., A. Kayitare, H. Rainer, E. Rutagarama, M. Sivha, S. Asuma, and J. Kalpers. 2001. Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management for Mountain Gorillas in the Virunga-Bwindi Region. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program. *
Lycklama à Nijeholt, R., S. de Bie, and C. Geerling. 2001. Beyond Boundaries: Regional Overview of Transboundary Natural Resource Management in West Africa. In Biodiversity Support Program, Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in West Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Magha, M. I., J-B. Kambou, and J. Koudenoukpo. 2001. Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in “W” Park. In Biodiversity Support Program, Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in West Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program. *
Metcalfe, S. C. 1999. Study on the Development of Transboundary Natural Resource Management Areas in Southern Africa—Community Perspectives. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Muruthi, P., and K. Frohardt. 2001. Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in the Amboseli-Longido-Kilimanjaro Area. In Biodiversity Support Program, Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Eastern Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Rodgers, A., J. Mugabe, and C. Mathenge. 2001a. Beyond Boundaries: Regional Overview of Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Eastern Africa. In Biodiversity Support Program, Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Eastern Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Rodgers, A., R. Nabanyumya, and J. Salehe. 2001b. Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in the Minziro-Sango Bay Forest Ecosystem. In Biodiversity Support Program, Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Eastern Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Singh. J. 1999. Study on the Development of Transboundary Natural Resource Management Areas in Southern Africa—Global Review. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Steel, L., and B. Curran (with contributions from Henk Hoefsloot). 2001. Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in the Sangha River Trinational Initiative. In Biodiversity Support Program, Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Central Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
van der Linde, H., J. Oglethorpe, T. Sandwith, D. Snelson, and Y. Tessema (with contributions from Anada Tiéga and Thomas Price). 2001. Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program. *
van der Linde, H., D. Zbicz, and J. Stevens. 2001. Beyond Boundaries: A Bibliography on Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Wilkie, D. S., E. Hakizumwami, N. Gami, and B. Difara. 2001. Beyond Boundaries: Regional Overview of Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Central Africa. In Biodiversity Support Program, Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Central Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
All listed publications are available online at www.BSPonline.org. Publications marked with an asterisk [*] are also available in French.
References
Cited in This Publication /
Références citées dans cette publication
van der Linde, H., J. Oglethorpe, T. Sandwith, D. Snelson, and Y. Tessema (with contributions from Anada Tiéga and Thomas Price). 2001. Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
van der Linde, H., J. Oglethorpe, T. Sandwith, D. Snelson et Y. Tessema (avec la participation d’Anada Tiéga et Thomas Price). 2001. Au-delà des frontières : La Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles en Afrique sub-saharienne. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Zbicz, D. C. 1999. Transboundary Cooperation in Conservation: A Global Survey of Factors Influencing Cooperation between Internationally Adjoining Protected Areas. Ph.D. dissertation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, N.C., U.S.A.
Selected Internet Resources / Ressources Internet sélectionnées
Government of South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. 2000. The Gaza-Kruger-Gonarezhou Transfrontier Park: A new era in ecosystem management and co-operation for Southern Africa. http://www.environment.gov.za/projects/gkg_transfrontier/background.htm.
Krukoski, W. R. M. 1998. Frontiers and Boundaries. http://www.info.lncc.br/wrmkkk/artigoi.html, July 30, 1998.
UNEP, WCMC, and WCPA. Protected Areas Programme, Transboundary Protected Areas. http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/transboundary/index.html.
UNESCO. 2000. MAB Seville +5 Recommendation for the establishment and functioning of Transboundary Biosphere reserves. http://www.unesco.org/man/mabicc/2000/eng/tbreng.htm.
UNHCR. 1996. Guidelines on prevention of environmental impacts related to refugees operations. http://www.unhcr.ch/environ/pubs.htm.
University of Michigan, School of Natural Resources and the Environment. 2001. Ecosystem Management Initiative. http://www.snre.umich.edu/ecomgt/index.htm.
Yoffe, Shira, Brian Ward, et al. 1999. Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database: Oregon State University. http://terra.geo.orst.edu/users/tfdd/.
Other
TBNRM References /
Autres références TBNRM (Gestion transfrontalière des ressources naturelles)
Ecosystems,
Natural Resources and Conservation /
Écosystèmes, ressources naturelles et conservation
Ecology and Biogeography / Écologie et biogéographie
Anselin, A., P. M. Meire, and L. Anselin. 1989. Multicriteria techniques in ecological evaluation: an example using the analytic hierarchy process. Biological Conservation 49:215-229.
Bailey, R. G. 1996. Ecosystem Geography. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Banai-Kashani, R. 1989. A new method for site suitability analysis: The analytic hierarchy process. Environmental Management 13(6):685-693.
Chenje, M., and P. Johnson, eds. 1994. State of the environment in southern Africa. Harare, Zimbabwe: SARDC—Southern Africa Research and Documentation Centre.
Cox, C. B., and P. D. Moore. 1993. Biogeography. An ecological and evolutionary approach, 5th Edition. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Dinerstein, E., D. M. Olson, D. J. Graham, A. L. Webster, S. A. Primm, M. A. Bookbinder, and G. Ledec. 1995. A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: The World Bank.
Kiester, A. R., M. J. Scott, B. Csuti, R. F. Noss, B. Butterfield, K. Sahr, and D. White. 1996. Conservation prioritization using GAP data. Conservation Biology 10(5):1332-1342.
Johnson, N. 1995. Biodiversity in the balance: Approaches to setting geographic conservation priorities. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
McLanahan, T., and T. Young, eds. 1999. Ecosystems of East Africa. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
Olson, D., E. Underwood, and I. Itoua. 1997. A conservation assessment of terrestrial and freshwater ecoregions of Africa (Draft). Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: WWF-US.
Owen-Smith, R. N. 1988. Megaherbivores. The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology. Cambridge Studies in Ecology. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Pressy, R. L., and V. S. Logan. 1993. Level of geographical subdivision and its effects on assessments of reserve coverage: A review of regional studies. Conservation Biology 8(4):1037-1046.
Rogers, D. J., and B. G. Williams. 1994. Tsetse distributions in Africa, seeing the wood and the trees. In P. J. Edwards, R. M. May and N. R. Webb, ed., Large Scale Ecology and Conservation, 249-273. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Rutherford, M. C., and R. H. Westfall. 1986. Biomes of southern Africa—An objective categorization. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa. 54.
Russell, E. W. The natural resources of East Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Literature Bureau.
Sharma, M. K. 1988. Eco-floristic zone map of Africa. Rome: FAO.
Stoms, D. M. 1994. Scale dependence of species richness maps. Professional Geographer 46:346-358.
Werger, M. J. A., and A. C Van Bruggen, eds. 1978. Biogeography and ecology of Southern Africa. The Hague, Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk.
Western, D., and H. Gichohi. 1993. Segregation effects and the impoverishment of savanna parks: a case for ecosystem viability analysis. African Journal of Ecology 31:269-281.
White, F. 1983. The vegetation of Africa: A descriptive memoir. Paris: UNESCO.
World Bank. 1993. Ecologically sensitive sites in Africa. Volume II: Eastern Africa. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre for the World Bank, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
World Bank. 1993. Ecologically sensitive sites in Africa. Volume VI: Southern Africa. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre for the World Bank, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
WWF-US. 1998. Proceedings: Ecoregion-Based Conservation Workshop held January, 1998 in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: World Wildlife Fund-US.
Biodiversity Conservation / Conservation de la biodiversité
Assitou, N., ed. 1995. Conservation de la diversite biologique: Une vision adaptee aux evolutions dés pays d’Afrique centrale. 2ème Session de la Reunion des Membres et Partenaires de l’UICN en Afrique Centrale, 13-15 Septembre 1995, Yaoundé, Cameroun: IUCN, Brazzaville, Congo.
Barnard, P., ed. 1998. Biological diversity in Namibia: A country study. Windhoek, Namibia: Namibian National Biodiversity Task Force: 332pp.
Bibby, C. J., N. J. Collar, M. J. Crosby, M. F. Heath, Ch. Imboden, T. H. Johnson, A. J. Long, A. J. Stattersfield, and S. J. Thirgood. 1992. Putting biodiversity on the map: Priority areas for global conservation. Cambridge, U.K.: International Council for Bird Preservation.
Biodiversity Support Program. 1993. African biodiversity: Foundation for the future. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Booth, G. A. 1993. Biological diversity monitoring indicators within a natural resources management framework for Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: United States Agency for International Development.
Brouwer, J., W. C. Mullié, A. M. Issa, S. F. Codjo, and J. Ambagis. 2001. A synopsis of bird biodiversity in Niger, with special emphasis on waterbirds and wetlands. Presentation at the workshop ‘Biodiversity in the Niger River Basin.’ Bamako, Mali: 8-12 January 2001.
Burnett, M. R., P. V. August, J. H. Brown Jr., and K. T. Killingbeck. 1998. The influence of geomorphological heterogeneity on biodiversity. I. Patch-scale perspective. Conservation Biology 12(2):363-370.
Conservation International. 2000. From the forest to the sea: Biodiversity connections from Guinea to Togo. Conservation Priority-Setting Workshop. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Conservation International.
Cowling, R. M., D. M. Richardson, and S. M. Pierce, eds. 1997. The vegetation of Southern Africa. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Cowling, R., and D. Richardson. 1995. Fynbos: South Africa’s unique floral kingdom. Photographs by C. Patterson-Jones. Cape Town, South Africa: Fernwood Press.
Dinerstein, E., and E. Wikramanayake. 1993. Beyond ‘hotspots’: How to prioritize investments to conserve biodiversity in the Indo-Pacific region. Conservation Biology 7:53-65.
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Ecosystem
Management and Bioregional Approaches /
Gestion des écosystèmes et approches biorégionales
Beissenger, S. R., E. C. Steadman, T. Wohlgenant, G. Blate, and S. Zack. 1996. Null models for assessing ecosystem conservation priorities: Threatened birds as titers of threatened ecosystems in South America. Conservation Biology 10(5):1343-1352.
Bennet, A. F. 1997. Habitat Linkages—A key element in an integrated landscape approach to conservation. Parks 7(1):43-49.
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Drylands,
Savannas, and Desert Ecosystems /
Écosystèmes de terres arides, de savanes et de déserts
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Forest Ecosystems / Écosystèmes forestiers
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Freshwater
Resources, Watersheds, and Wetlands /
Ressources d’eau douce, bassins hydrographiques et terres humides
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Migratory
Species and Wildlife Management (Mammals, Birds, and Fish) /
Espèces migratoires et Gestion de la faune (mammifères, oiseaux et poissons)
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Transboundary
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Human
Settlements, Land Use, Local Communities, and Indigenous Peoples /
Établissements humains, utilisation des sols, communautés locales et peuples
autochtones
Borrini-Feyeraband, G. ed. 1997. Beyond fences: Seeking social sustainability in conservation. 2 vols. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
Colchester, M. 1994. Salvaging Nature: Indigenous peoples, protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Geneva: U.N. Research Institute for Social Development, World Rainforest Movement and WWF.
Deichmann, U. 1994. A medium resolution population database for Africa: Database documentation and digital database. National Centre for Geographic Information and Analysis, University of California, Santa Barbara.
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De Sherbinin, A. and M. Freudenberger. 1998. Migration to protected areas and buffer zones: can we stem the tide? Parks 8:38-53.
Hargreaves, J. D. 1985. The making of boundaries: Focus on West Africa. In A. I. Asiwaju, ed., Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations across Africa International Boundaries. 1884-1984. Lagos, Nigeria: University of Lagos Press.
Higgins, G. M., A. H. Kassam, L. Naiken, G. Fischer, and M. M. Shah. 1982. Potential. Population supporting capacities of land in the developing world. Food and Agricultural Organisation, United Nations Development Programme, and Institute of Applied Systems Analysis, Rome.
Kepe, T. 1997. Environmental entitlements in Mkambati: Livelihoods, social institutions and environmental change on the Wild Coast of the Eastern Cape. Research Report No.1. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies. Dept. of Government. University of the Western Cape, South Africa.
Lewis, D., and N. Carter, eds. 1993. Voices from Africa: Local perspectives on conservation. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: World Wildlife Fund.
McLain, R. 1990. Tenure and tree management in the Dogon plateau: Case studies in Bandiagara, Mali. Land Tenure Center Working Paper. Madison, Wis., U.S.A.: Land Tenure Center.
Metcalfe, S. 1995. Communities, parks and regional planning: A co-management strategy based on the Zimbabwean experience. In R. E. Saunier and R. A. Meganck, eds., Conservation of biodiversity and the new regional planning. OAS and IUCN (UICN). Same chapter can be found in J. A. McNeely (1996), Expanding Partnerships in Conservation. Island Press. Washington D.C., U.S.A..
Naudet, D. 1995. The transformation of settlement patterns in West Africa. Club du Sahel Newsletter 14:14-17.
Neumann, R. 1998. Imposing wilderness: Struggles over livelihood and nature preservation in Africa. Berkeley and Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.A.: University of California Press.
Peluso, N. 1992. Rich forests, poor people: Forest access and control in Java. Berkeley and Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.A.: University of California Press.
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Raynaut, C. ed. 1997. Societies and Nature in the Sahel. London and New York: Routledge.
Taylor, P. D., L. Fahing, K. Henein, and G. Marriam. 1993. Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikos 66:571-573.
Wiley, E., and S. Mbaya. 2001. Land, people and forests in eastern and southern Africa at the beginning of the 21st century. Nairobi, Kenya: IUCN-EARO.
Community-Based
Natural Resource Management and Management of Common Property Resources /
Gestion communautaire des ressources naturelles et gestion des ressources en
copropriété
Agarwal, A., and C. C. Gibson. 1999. Enchantment and disenchantment: The role of community in natural resource conservation. World Development 27(4):629-49.
Bromley, D., and M. Cernea. 1989. The management of common property natural resources: Some conceptual and operational fallacies. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: The World Bank.
Christoffersen, N., B. Cambell, and J. de Toit. 1998. Communities and sustainable use: Pan-African perspectives. Harare, Zimbabwe: The World Conservation Union—Regional Office for South Africa.
Donnelly-Roark, P. 1992. Using participatory strategies to promote biodiversity conservation. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Eghenter, C. 2000. Mapping people’s forests: The role of mapping in planning community-based management of conservation areas in Indonesia. Peoples, Forests and Reefs Program. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Fortman, L. 1997. Voices from communities managing wildlife in southern Africa. Society and Natural Resources 10:403-413.
Fortmann, L., E. Roe, and M. v. Eeten. 2001. At the threshold between governance and management: Community-based natural resource management in Southern Africa. Public administration and development 21(2):171-185.
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Kalpers, J., and A. Lanjouw. 1999. Protection of ecologically sensitive areas and community mobilisation. Environmental Management Training Workshop for UNHCR. Geneva, Switzerland: UNHCR.
Kamukala, B., and V. Shauri 2000. Analysing natural resource mandates in Tanzania. Arusha, Tanzania: Cross Borders Project.
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Leader-Williams, N., J. A. Kayera, and G. L. Overton, eds. 1996. Community-based conservation in Tanzania. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
Little, P. D. 1994. The link between local participation and improved conservation: A review of issues and experiences. In D. Western, R. M. Wright, and S. C. Strum, eds., Natural connections: Perspectives in community based conservation, 347-372. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Island Press.
Martin, R. B. 1986. Communal areas management programme for indigenous resources. Branch of terrestrial Ecology, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management. Revised version of April 1986, 110 pp.
Matowanyika, J. Z. Z. 1991. Indigenous resource management and sustainability in rural Zimbabwe: An exploration of practices and concepts in commonlands. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
McCay, B. J., and J. M. Acheson, eds. 1987. The question of the commons: The culture and ecology of communal resources. Tucson, Ariz., U.S.A.: University of Arizona Press.
McLain, R. (In Press). Inclusive community forest management: Lessons for the United States from Mali, West Africa. Journal of Sustainable Forestry.
Metcalfe, S. 1994. The Zimbabwe Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources. In D. Western, R. M. Wright, and S. C. Strum, eds., Natural connections: Perspectives in community based conservation, 161-192. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Island Press.
Murphree, M. W. M. 1991. Communities as institutions for resource management. Centre for Applied Social Science, University of Zimbabwe. CASS Occasional paper series. 21pp.
Murphree, M. 1993. Communities as resource management institutions. Gatekeeper Series, No. 36. London: IIED.
Murphree, M. 1995. On the road to Tchuma Tchato: An analysis of the planning and implementation of the CBNRM in Magoe District, Tete Province, Mozambique. (IUCN-ROSA/DNFFB) (unpublished).
Murphree, M. W. M., and S. C. Metcalfe. 1997. Conservancy policy and the campfire programme in Zimbabwe. CASS Technical Paper Series: 1/97. Harare, Zimbabwe.
Ostrom, E. 1996. Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. (7th ed.) New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ostrom, E. 1998. Scales, polycentricity, and incentives: Designing complexity. In L. D. Guruswamy and J. A. McNeely, eds., Protection of global biodiversity converging strategies. Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.: Duke University Press.
Rihoy, E., ed. 1995. The commons without the tragedy: Strategies for CBNRM in Southern Africa. Proceedings of the Regional NRMP Annual Conference. Kasane, Botswana, April 3-6, 1995. SADC WSTCU and USAID Regional NRMP.
SADC, Wildlife TCU/ Africa Resources Trust. 1996. CBNRM—A select foundation bibliography with emphasis on Southern Africa. Compiled by M. Taylor. Malawi and Africa Resources Trust, Harare, Zimbabwe: SADC TCU.
Seymour, F. J. 1994. Are successful community-based conservation projects designed or discovered? In D. Western, R. M. Wright, and S. C. Strum, eds., Natural connections: Perspectives in community based conservation, 472-498. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Island Press.
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Resource
Extraction Enterprises (Hunting, Game Ranching, Mining, and Logging) /
Entreprises d’extraction des ressources (chasse, exploitation de gibier, exploitation
minières et exploitation forestière)
Bennekom, S. V., and C. Besselink. 1996. Mining in Tropical Regions. Amsterdam: Netherlands Committee for IUCN.
Brigham, T., A. Chihongo, and E. Chidumayo. 1996. Trade in woodland products from the miombo region. In B. Campbell, ed., The Miombo in Transition: Woodlands and Welfare in Africa, 137-174. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.
Burnner, J., K. Talbott, and C. Elkin. 1998. Logging Burma’s Frontier Forests: Resources and the Regime. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: World Resources Institute.
Cumming, D. H. M. 1989. Commercial and safari hunting in Zimbabwe. In R. J. Hudson, K. R. Drew, and L. M. Baskin, eds., Wildlife Production Systems: Economic utilisation of wild ungulates, 147-169. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Cumming, D. H. M. 1993. Developments in game ranching and wildlife utilization in East and Southern Africa. In In L. A. Renecker, and R. J. Hudson, eds., Wildlife production: Conservation and sustainable development, 11-30. Fairbanks, U.S.A.: University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Cumming, D. H. M. 1993. Wildlife products and the market place: A view from southern Africa. In L. A. Renecker, and R. J. Hudson, eds., Wildlife production: Conservation and sustainable development, 11-30. Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A.: University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Freese, C. H. 1998. Wild species as commodities: Managing markets and ecosystems for sustainability. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Island Press.
MacKenzie, J. M. 1988. The empire of nature: Hunting, conservation and British imperialism. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press.
Moody, R. 1998. Out of Africa: Mining in the Congo basin. In The Congo basin. Amsterdam: Netherlands Committee for IUCN.
Soulé, M. E., B. A. Wilcox, and C. Holtby. 1979. Benign neglect: A model of faunal collapse in the game reserves of East Africa. Biological Conservation 15:259-272.
Sustainable Harvest of Natural Products / Récoltes durables de produits naturels
Campbell, B., and N. Byron. 1996. Miombo woodlands and rural livelihoods: Options and opportunities. In B. Campbell, ed., The Miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa, 221-230. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
Cumming, D. H. M. 1985. Harvesting within sustainable environmental limits. Proceedings of the conference/workshop on the implementation of a national conservation strategy in Zimbabwe, 35-38. Harare, Zimbabwe: Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism.
Cunningham, A. B. 1996. Saturniid subsidy: cash and protein from edible caterpillars of Zambezian woodlands. In B. Campbell, ed., The Miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa, 107-108. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
Cunningham, A. B., and M. E. Terry. 1995. Basketry, people and resource management in Southern Africa. In F. Ganry and B. Campbell, eds., Sustainable land management in Africa semi-arid and subhumid regions, 363-375. Montpellier, France: CIRAD-CA.
Falconer, J. 1991. Hungry season. Food from the forest. Unasylva 160(41):14-19.
Johnson, N. 1995. Defining priorities for conservation and sustainable use. In V. H. Heywood, ed., Global Biodiversity Assessment, 932-943. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Economic
Studies of Natural Resource Management /
Études économiques relatives à la gestion des ressources naturelles
Barnes, J. I. 1998. Wildlife economics: A study of direct use values in Botswana’s wildlife sector. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Economics, University of London. 370pp.
Bond, I. 1993. The economics of wildlife and landuse in Zimbabwe: An examination of current knowledge and issues. Project Paper No. 36. Harare, Zimbabwe: WWF Multispecies Animal Production Systems Project.
Leader-Williams, N., and S. D. Albon. 1988. Allocation of resources for conservation. Nature 336(6199):533-535.
Martin, R. B. 1993. “Should Wildlife Pay Its Way?” Keith Roby Memorial Address, Murdoch University, Western Australia. 8 December 1993; 39pp. and 33 figures.
Misana, S., C. Mung’ong’o, and B. Mukamuri. 1996. Miombo woodlands in the wider context: Macro-economic and Inter-sectoral influences. In B. Campbell, ed., The Miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa, 73-99. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
Proagri. 1996. PROAGRI: Forestry and Wildlife Sector Investment Programme, 31 May, 1996. Final document prepared by R. B. Martin, A. Kir, and P. Lowe. Government of Mozambique. Typescript 68pp.
Walker, B. H. (In Press). Maximising net benefits through biodiversity as a primary land use. Environment and Development Economics.
Sustainable
Development and Integrated Conservation and Development /
Développement durable et conservation et développement intégrés
Alpert, P. 1996. Integrated conservation and development projects: Examples from Africa. BioScience 46(11):845-56.
Anon. 1989. Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: The World Bank.
Barrett, C. B., and P. Arcese. 1995. Are integrated conservation-development projects (ICDPs) sustainable? On the conservation of large mammals in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development 23(7):1073-1084.
Brown, M., and B. Wyckoff-Baird. 1992. Designing integrated conservation and development projects. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Byers, B. A. 1996. Understanding and influencing behaviors in conservation and natural resources management. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Cumming, D.H.M. 1991. Multispecies systems and rural development in Southern Africa: Opportunities, constraints and challenges. Meeting Rangeland Challenges in Southern Africa in the 1990s, Invited Keynote Address, WWF Multispecies Project Paper No. 19. Harare, Zimbabwe: WWF Programme Office.
Getz, W. M. et al. 1999. Sustaining natural and human capital: Villagers and scientists. Science 283(5409):1855.
Hyden, G. 1983. No short cuts to progress : African development management in perspective. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Kremen, C., A. M. Merenlender, and D. D. Murphy. 1994. Ecological Monitoring: A vital need for integrated conservation and development programs in the tropics. Conservation Biology 8(2):388-97.
Margoluis, R., and N. Salafsky. 1998. Measures of success: Designing, managing, and monitoring conservation and development projects. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Island Press.
McNeely, J. A. 1993. Conservation and development: How protected natural areas can contribute to local communities. In A. H. Westing, ed., Transfrontier reserves for peace and nature: A contribution to human security. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
Newmark, W. D., and J. L. Hough. 2000. Conserving wildlife in Africa: Integrated conservation and development projects and beyond. Bioscience 50(7):585-92.
Roe, E. 1991. Development narratives, or making the best of blueprint development. World Development 19:287-300.
Roe, E. 1995. Except-Africa: postscript to a special section on development narratives. World Development 23:1065-69.
Saunier, R. E. 1995. Conservation and management of natural resources for sustainable development. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Organization of American States.
Uphoff, N. 1992. Learning from Gal Oya: Possibilities for participatory development and post-Newtonian social science. New York: Cornell University Press.
USAID. 1997.
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Wainwright, C., and W. Wehrmeyer. 1998. Success in integrating conservation development? A study from Zambia. World Development 26(6):933-945.
World Bank Environment Division. 1992. Integrated natural resource management. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: World Bank, Africa Technical Department.
Tourism / Tourisme
Ashley, C. 1995. Tourism, communities, and the potential impacts on local incomes and conservation. Research Discussion Paper No. 10. Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Windhoek, Namibia.
Brandon, Katrina. 1996. Ecotourism and conservation: A review of key issues. Environment Department Papers, Biodiversity Series. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: World Bank.
Ceballos-Lascuráin, H. 1996. Tourism, ecotourism and protected areas. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
DHV Consultants, BV. 1998. Technical proposal: Okavango Upper Zambezi international tourism spatial development initiative. Department of Trade and Industry, Spatial Development Initiatives, Pretoria, South Africa.
Gakahu, C. G., ed. 1992. Tourist attitudes and use impacts in Maasai Mara National Reserve. Kenya: Wildlife Conservation International.
Goodwin, H. 1996. In pursuit of tourism. Biodiversity and Conservation 5:277-291.
Government of Mozambique. 1995. Main aspects of the national tourism policy. Government Printer, Maputo, Mozambique.
Healy, R. G. 1994. Merchandise as a means of generating local benefits from ecotourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism (2):137-151.
Homsy, J. 1999. Ape tourism and human diseases: How close should we get? A critical review of rules and regulations governing management and tourism for the wild Mountain Gorilla, Gorilla gorilla beringei. Consultancy for the International Gorilla Conservation Programme.
South African Department of Trade and Industry. 1996. White Paper on Development and Promotion of Tourism in South Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: DEAT.
Wells, Michael. 1997. Economic perspectives on nature tourism, conservation and development. Paper No. 55, Environment Department Papers, Environmental Economist Series. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: World Bank.
World Travel, and Tourism Council. 1998. South Africa’s travel and tourism: Economic driver for the 21st century. WTTC, London.
Natural Resource
Policy, Law, and Politics /
Politiques et lois relatives aux ressources naturelles
Boundaries
and Borderlands—Politics and Political Geography /
Limites et frontières – Politiques et géopolitique
Asiwaju, A. I., ed. 1985. Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations across Africa’s International Boundaries, 1884-1984, Lagos, Nigeria: University of Lagos Press.
Asiwaju, A. I. 1986. Borderlands as regions: Lessons of the European transboundary planning experience for international integration efforts in Africa. In A. A. Owosekun, ed., Towards an African (Lessons of Experience from ECOWAS). Ibadan, Nigeria: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research.
Asiwaju, A. I. 1994. Borders and borderlands as linchpins for regional integration in Africa: Lessons of the European experience. In C. H. Schofield, ed., Global Boundaries, 1, 125. London and New York: Routledge.
Asiwaju, A. I., and P. O. Adeniyi, eds. 1989. Borderlands in Africa. Lagos, Nigeria: University of Lagos Press.
Asiwaju, A. I., and E. E. Mosselman. 1997. Borders and Border Regions Focus on Africa: A Comparative and Multidisciplinary Bibliography. United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD), Nairobi, Kenya.
Blake, G., L. Chia, C. Grundy-Warr, M. Pratt, and C. Schofield. 1997. International boundaries and environmental security: Frameworks for regional cooperation. London, The Hague, Netherlands, and Boston, Mass., U.S.A.: Kluwer Law International.
Donnan, H., and T. M. Wilson. 1999. Borders: Frontiers of identity, nation and state. Oxford, U.K. and New York: Berg.
Dube, T. 1996. Cross border linkages study: A preliminary survey of Beitbridge, Zimbabwe—Messina, South Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: UNCRD.
Dube, T., and T. Gwebu. 1996. Cross border linkages study: A preliminary survey of Plumtree, Zimbabwe—northeast district, Botswana. Nairobi, Kenya: UNCRD.
Duchacek, I. D. 1986. International competence of subnational governments: Borderlands and beyond. In Oscar Martinez, ed., Across boundaries: Transborder interaction in comparative perspective, 11-27. El Paso: Texas Western Press.
Duchacek, I. D. 1986. The territorial dimension of politics: Within, among and across nations. Boulder, Colo., U.S.A. and London: Westview Press.
Duchacek, I. D., D. Latouche, and G. Stevenson, eds. 1988. Perforated sovereignties and international relations: Trans-Sovereign contacts of subnational governments. Global Perspectives in History and Politics. New York, Westport, Conn., U.S.A., and London: Greenwood Press.
Euregio. 1984. Third European Conference of Frontier Regions. Proceedings of conference held in Barken, Germany in 1984. Satzzentrum, West Germany: ILS Dortmund.
Galluser, W. A., ed. 1994. Political Boundaries and Coexistence. In IGU-Symposium, 24-27 May 1994 in Basle/Switzerland, 1994 of Conference, 1994, by the Conference Institution, 449. Basle, Switzerland: Peter Lang.
Getaway. 1999. Frontiers fall in the name of conservation. Getaway 11(3):40-41.
Grundy-Warr, C., and A. Rajah. 1997. Security, resources and people in a borderlands environment: Myanmar and Thailand. In G. Blake et al., eds., International boundaries and environmental security: Frameworks for regional cooperation. London, The Hague, Netherlands, and Boston, Mass., U.S.A.: Kluwer Law International.
Hocknell, P. R. 2001. Boundaries of cooperation : Cyprus, de facto partition, and the delimitation of transboundary resource management. London and Boston, Mass., U.S.A.: Kluwer Law International.
Juwa, H., and L. E. Munjanganja. 1997. Report on description and assessment of trans-border relations between north-west Malawi and Zambia and their impact on sustainable conservation and development. Border Zone Development Project (BZDP)—GTZ. Mazuzu, Malawi.
McEwan, A.C. 1971. International Boundaries of East Africa. Oxford Studies in African Affairs. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press.
Nkiwane, S. M. 1997. Zimbabwe’s international borders: A study in national regional development in southern Africa. Harare: University of Zimbabwe.
Schofield, C. H., ed. 1994. Global boundaries. World Boundaries Series. London and New York: Routledge.
Phiri, S. H. 1985. National integration, rural development and frontier communities: The case of the Chewa and the Ngoni astride Zambian boundaries with Malawi and Mozambique. In A. I. Asiwaju, ed., Partitioned Africans: Ethnic relations across Africa’s international boundaries. Lagos, Nigeria: University of Lagos Press.
Reid, P. J., and A. Church. 1998. Transfrontier cooperation and the borders in the European Union. In L. Boon-Thong and T. S. Bahrin, ed., Vanishing borders: The new international order of the 21st century, 175-193. Aldershot, U.K. and Brookfield, Vermont, U.S.A.: Ashgate Publishing.
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UNCRD. 1996. Planning for the Development of Border regions in Eastern and Southern Africa (Phase III): Draft Report–Complementary Study: Cooperbelt (Zambia)–Shaba (Zaire) Border Region. UNCRD, Nairobi, Kenya.
Wilson, G. J., and H. Jenga-Jenga. 1996. Cross Border Linkages Study: A Preliminary Survey of the Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe–Livingstone, Zambia Area. Nairobi, Kenya: UNCRD.
Environmental
Security, Armed Conflict, and Natural Resources /
Sécurité environnementale, conflit armé et ressources naturelles
Brock, L. 1991. Peace through parks: The environment on the peace research agenda. Journal of Peace Research 28(4):407-423.
Doornbos, M. Doornboc, L. Cliffe, A. Ghaffar, M. Ahmed, and J. Markakis, eds. Beyond the conflict in the horn: The prospects for peace, recovery and development in Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea and Sudan. Lawrenceville, New Jersey, U.S.A.: Red Sea Press.
Homer-Dixon, T. F. 1994. Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: Evidence from cases. International Security 20(2):5-40.
IGCP. 1999. Conservation in times of conflict in the Greater Virungas. Concept for the United Nations Foundation. Unpublished.
Kanyamibwa, S. 1998. Impacts of war on conservation: Rwanda environment and wildlife in agony. Biodiversity and Conservation 7:1399-1406.
Lanjouw, A. 2000. Building partnerships in the face of political and armed crisis. In New perspectives on conservation in periods of armed conflict. Conference Proceedings. New Haven, Conn., U.S.A.: Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.
Lanjouw, A., and S. Mann. 1999. The role of Mountain Gorilla conservation and tourism in building peace in the Great Lakes Region. IIPT 3rd International Conference: Building Bridges of Peace, Culture and Prosperity through Sustainable Tourism.
Mathews, J. 1989. Redefining Security. Foreign Affairs 68:162-177.
Plumptre, A. J., J.-B. Bizumuremyi, F. Uwimana, and J.-D. Ndaruhebeye. 1997. The effects of the Rwandan civil war on poaching of ungulates in the Parc National des Volcans. Oryx 31(4):265-73.
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UNHCR. 1998. Refugee operations and environmental management: Key principles for decision-making. Geneva, Switzerland: UNHCR.
Werikhe, S., N. Mushenzi, and J. Bizimana. 1998. L’impact de la guerre sur les aires protegees dans la region de Grands Lacs. Cahiers d’Ethologie 18:175-186.
Westing, A. H. 1992. Protected areas and military. Environmental Conservation 19(4):343-348.
Westing, A. H. 1998. Establishment and management of transfrontier reserves for conflict and prevention and confidence building. Environmental Conservation 25(2):91-94.
Property Rights, Tenure, and Land Reform / Droits de propriété, régime foncier et réforme agraire
Birgegard, L. 1993. Natural resource tenure: A review of issues and experiences with emphasis on Sub-Saharan Africa, NATUR/SIDA.
Bruce, J. et al. 1997. Draft country profiles of land tenure Southern Africa 1996. Madison, Wis., U.S.A.: Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin.
Cousins, B. 1997. How do rights become real: Formal and informal institutions in South Africa’s land reform. IDS Bulletin 28(4).
Lavigne Delville, P. 1999. Harmonising formal law and customary land rights in French-speaking West Africa. Drylands Issue Report no. 10 London: IIED.
Lawry, S. W. 1988. Tenure policy and natural resource management. Madison, Wis. U.S.A.: Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin.
Metcalfe, S. 1995. Livestock, wildlife and the forage commons: Prospects for rangeland reform in a semi-arid communal land of Zimbabwe. CASS Occasional paper NRM 1995. University of Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe.
Mortimore, M. 1997. History and evolution of land tenure and administration in West Africa. Drylands Programme Issue Paper 71. London: IIED.
Rukuni, M. 1994. Report of the Commission on Inquiry into Appropriate Agricultural Land Tenure Systems: Vol. 1 Main Report. Government Printers, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Singh, J. 2001. State-making and Community-Based Natural Resource Management: Cases of the Vhimba CAMPFIRE Project (Zimbabwe) and the Chimanimani Transfrontier Conservation Area (Mozambique). Ph.D. dissertation, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington (Seattle), U.S.A.
Natural
Resource and Environmental Laws and Policies /
Lois et politiques relatives aux ressources naturelles et à l’environnement
Government of Botswana. 1961. The Fauna Conservation Proclamation, No. 22 of 1961 (as amended and reprinted in 1968). Government Printer, Gaborone, Botswana.
Government of Botswana. 1990. Botswana National Conservation Strategy: National Policy on Natural Resources Conservation and Development, Government Paper No. 1 of 1990. Government Printer, Gaborone, Botswana.
Government of Botswana. 1992. Agricultural Resources Conservation: Chapter 35:06. Government Printer, Gaborone, Botswana.
Government of Botswana. 1992. Land Control: Chapter 32:11. Government Printer, Gaborone, Botswana.
Government of Botswana. 1992. Tourism Act, 1992: Act NO. 22 of 1992. Government Printer, Gaborone, Botswana.
Government of Botswana. 1992. Wildlife Conservation and National Parks Act, 1992: Act NO. 28 of 1992. Government Printer, Gaborone, Botswana.
Government of Botswana. 1998. Draft Community Based Natural Resources Management Policy: Government Paper no. 19 of 1998. Government Printer, Gaborone, Botswana.
Government of Botswana. 1998. Draft National Policy on Natural Resource Use and Management for the Botswana Ministry of Agriculture. Ministry of Agriculture.
Government of Botswana, and Government of South Africa. 1999. Bilateral agreement between the Government of the Republic of Botswana and Government of the Republic of South Africa on the recognition of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park.
Government of Malawi. 1998. Draft National Wildlife Policy. Lilongwe, Malawi.
Government of Mozambique. 1995. Main Aspects of the National Tourism Policy. Government Printer, Maputo, Mozambique.
Government of Mozambique. 1996. Forest and Wildlife Policy and Strategy. Government Printer, Maputo, Mozambique.
Government of Mozambique. 1998. Land Law. Government Printer. Maputo, Mozambique.
Government of Namibia. 1996. Decentralization, Development and Democracy: Decentralization Policy for Namibia. Ministry of Regional and Local Government and Housing. Windhoek, Namibia.
Government of Namibia. 1997. Forest Act. Government Printer, Windhoek, Namibia.
Government of South Africa. 1976. National Parks Area Act. Act No. 57. Government Printer. Pretoria, South Africa.
Government of South Africa. 1998. Environmental Management Bill for South Africa: B101B-98. Issued by Ministry of Environmental Affairs and Tourism: Notice 749 of 1998. Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.
Government of Swaziland. 1951. The Natural Resources Act: Act 71/1951. Government Printer, Mbabane, Swaziland.
Government of Swaziland. 1953. Wildlife and Flora Act: Act 51/1953. Government Printer, Mbabane, Swaziland.
Government of Swaziland. 1955. Agriculture Act: Act 44/1955. Government Printer, Mbabane, Swaziland.
Government of Tanzania. 1953. Forest Policy. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Government of Tanzania. 1958. Forests: Chapter 389 of the Laws (Principal Legislation). Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Government of Tanzania. 1974. Tanzania Conservation Act. Act No. 12 of 1974. Government Printers: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Government of Tanzania. 1994. Draft Forest Policy. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Government of Tanzania. 1998. Land Act Bill. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Government of Tanzania. 1998. Wildlife Policy of Tanzania. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Government of Zambia. 1996. Draft Forest Act: Chapter 311 of the Laws of Zambia. Government Printer, Lusaka, Zambia.
Government of Zambia. 1997. The Zambia Wildlife Authority Bill. Government Printer, Lusaka, Zambia.
Government of Zimbabwe. 1975. Parks and Wildlife Act, 1975. Act 14 of 1975. As amended at the 1st January, 1982, Government Printer, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Government of Zimbabwe. 1996. Parks and Wildlife Act, Chapter 20:14. Government Printer, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Studies
on Natural Resource and Environmental Laws and Policies /
Études sur les lois et politiques relatives aux ressources naturelles et à l’environnement
de Klemm, C., and C. Shine. 1993. Biological diversity conservation and the law: Legal mechanisms for conserving species and ecosystems. IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 29. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K.: IUCN.
Dobson, T. 1998. Report to the Department of National Parks and Wildlife: Initial Review of the National Parks and Wildlife Act of 1992. DNPW, Lilongwe, Malawi.
EPIQ (Environmental Policy and Institutional Strengthening). 1998. Environmental policy dialogue: Lessons learned. USAID Contract No. P.E. I-00-96-00002-00. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Garvey, J. A. 1998. Critical points of the environmental framework law. Land Tenure Center Project—Mozambique. Maputo, Mozambique.
Government of Malawi. 1995. Wildlife Management, Utilisation and Tourism in Communal Areas: Benefit to Communities. Lilongwe, Malawi.
Government of Mozambique. 1997. First National Report on the Conservation of Biological Diversity in Mozambique. Ministry for the Co-ordination of Environmental Affairs. Maputo, Mozambique.
Government of Namibia. 1996. Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan: Forest Biodiversity for Present and Future Generations. Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Government Printer, Windhoek, Namibia.
Government of South Africa. 1998. White Paper on Environmental Management Policy for South Africa. Issued by Ministry of Environmental Affairs and Tourism: Notice 749 of 1998. Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.
Government of Zambia. 1996. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Review of the Forest Act 1973, Cap 311 of the Laws of Zambia, Rimo Motel, Kafue, Zambia. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
IGCP. 1996. Environmental Sector Profile: Strategic Action Plan for the Great Lakes Region. UNEP Report.
LEAT (Lawyers Environmental Action Team). 1998. Socio-legal analysis of community-based conservation in Tanzania: Policy, legal, institutional and programmatic issues, considerations and options. EPIQ, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Mugabe. J., and N. Clark. eds. 1998. Managing biodiversity: National systems of conservation and innovation in Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: Acts Press.
Peluso, N. 1992. Coercing conservation? The politics of state resource control. In R. D. Lipschutz and K. Conca, eds., The state and social power in global environmental politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rudge, J., F. Hurst, and N. Hunter. 1997. Literature review of wildlife policy and legislation. London: Natural Resources Institute.
SADC. 1992. Regional policy and strategy for food, agriculture and natural resources (FANR). Gaborone, Botswana.
SADC. 1994. Proposed SADC policy and strategy for environment and sustainable development: toward equity-led growth and sustainable development in Southern Africa. SADC ELMS, Maseru, Lesotho.
SADC. 1997. Wildlife sector policy and development strategy for the southern African development community. Lilongwe, Malawi: WSTCU.
SADC. 1997. Forestry sector policy and development strategy for the southern African development community. Lilongwe, Malawi: WSTCU.
Transboundary
International Law and Treaties /
Droit international transfrontalier et traités transfrontaliers
AEWA. 1999. The African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement: do you agree? Bonn, Germany: AEWA.
Brunnee, J., and S. J. Toope. 1995. Environmental Security and Freshwater Resources: A Case for International Ecosystem Law. Yearbook of International Environmental Law.
Brunnee, J., and S. J. Toope. 1997. Environmental Security and Freshwater Resources: A Case for International Environmental Law. The American Journal of International Law 91:26-59.
Caponera, D. A. 1987. Patterns of cooperation in international water law: Principles and institutions. In A. E. Utton and L. A. Teclaff, eds., Transboundary resources law, 1-25. Boulder, Colo., U.S.A. and London: Westview Press.
Common Text on Identified Areas of Cooperation Between the Republic of Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and the Republic of Kenya, 30th November, 1993. Arusha, Tanzania.
Council of Europe. 1995. Additional Protocol to the European Outline Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation between Territorial Communities or Authorities. European Treaty Series. Strasbourg, Austria: Council of Europe.
de Fonatubert, A. C., and T. Agardy. 1998. Critical analysis of the SPAW protocol: The dilemma of regional cooperation. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: IUCN-US.
Government of South Africa. 1998. Draft Bi-lateral Agreement between the Republic of Botswana and the Republic of South Africa on the recognition of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier. Issued by Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism: Notice 1810 of 1998. Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.
Korhonen, I. M. 1996. Riverine ecosystems in international law. Natural Resources Journal 36(3):481-519, Part 2.
Lyster, S. 1985. International wildlife law. Cambridge, U.K.: Grotius Publications Ltd.
Reid, W. 1994. Testimony in Support of Senate Ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity given to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Washington, D.C., U.S.A..
SADC. 1992. Declaration Treaty and Protocol of the Southern African Development Community. SADC. Gaborone, Botswana.
SADC. 1994. The Lusaka Agreement: Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement Operations. Lusaka, Zambia.
SADC. 1995. SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourse Systems. Lesotho: SADC WSCU.
SADC. 1998. Tourism Protocol, Gaborone, Botswana: SADC.
SADC. 1999. Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement in the Southern African Development Community. SADC Wildlife Sector TCU: Lilongwe, Malawi.
Schrijver, N. J. 1997. Sovereignty over natural resources. Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Toulmin, C. 1998. La convention sur la lutte le d’esertification: un code de bonnes pratiques. Le Courrier 172: 66-68.
UNEP. 1978. Co-operation in the Field of the Environment concerning Natural Resources Shared by Two or More States. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP, Decision no.6/14 (24 May, 1978).
UNEP. Draft Principles of Conduct in the Field of the Environment for the Guidance of States in the Conservation and Harmonious Utilization of Natural Resources Shared by Two of More States. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP, document no. UNEP/GC.6/17 (10 March, 1978).
UNEP/CBD. 1994. Convention on Biological Diversity: Text and Annexes. ENEP/CBD, Switzerland.
UNGA. 1982. World Charter for Nature. New York: UN General Assembly, Resolution No. 37/7 (28 Oct., 1982).
United Nations. 1999. Rules of procedure: Convention on environmental impact assessment in a transboundary context. New York: United Nations Press.
Utton, A. E., and L. A. Teclaff, eds. 1987. Transboundary resources law. Boulder, Colo., U.S.A. and London: Westview Press.
Ward, V. 1998. Sovereignty and ecosystem management: A clash of concepts and boundaries? In K. T. Liftin, ed., The Greening of sovereignty in world politics, 79-108. Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. and London: MIT Press.
Transboundary
Cooperation and Institutions for Shared Natural Resources /
Coopération transfrontalière et institutions vouées aux ressources naturelles
communes
Asiwaju, A. I., and O. J. Igue, eds. 1988. The Nigeria-Benin transborder cooperation. Bilateral Workshop at the Administrative Staff College of Nigeria, Nigeria: University of Lagos Press.
Blake, G. H., W. J. Hildesley, M. A. Pratt, R. J. Ridley, and C. H. Schofield, eds. 1995. The Peaceful Management of Transboundary Resources. International Environmental Law and Policy Series. London, Dordrecht, Netherlands, and Boston, Mass., U.S.A.: Graham and Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff.
Chester, C. 2000. Civil society, international regimes, and the protection of transboundary ecosystems: Defining the International Sonoran Desert Alliance and the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 2(2).
Council of Europe. 2000. Nature does not have any borders: towards transfrontier ecological networks. First International symposium of the Pan-European Ecological Network, 2-3 September 1999, Paris and Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
East African Cooperation Development Strategy (1997-2000). Secretariat of the Permanent Tripartite Commission for East African Cooperation (Eac/DS/4/97).
Global Environment Facility. 2001. Nile basin initiative: Trans-boundary environmental analysis. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: World Bank/GEF/UNDP.
Haas, P. M. 1990. Saving the Mediterranean: The politics of international environmental cooperation. In J. G. Ruggie, ed., The political economy of international change. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hachongela, P. et al. 1996. An analysis of emerging co-management arrangements: the Zambian and Zimbabwean inshore fisheries of Lake Kariba. Harare, Zimbabwe: ICLARM.
Ingram, H., Lenard Milich, and Robert G. Varady. 1994. Managing transboundary resources. Environment 36(4, May 1994):6-9, 28-38.
International Conference on Economic Integration and Transboundary Resources. 1998. Summary of the key issues addressed at the Conference held in Addis Ababa in 1997. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: EIIPD.
IUCN EARO. 1999. Lake Jipe: Cross border planning workshop on proposal for the development of mechanisms for transboundary management of a shared ecosystem. Workshop Report.
Knight, R. L., and P. N. Landres. 1998. Stewardship across boundaries. Washington, D.C. and Covelo, Calif., U.S.A.: Island Press.
Mandima, J., P. Mutesi, and D. Conyers. 1996. Kariba (Zimbabwe)-Siavonga (Zambia) Case Study: Progress in Implementing Recommendations of the Kariba Workshop. Nairobi, Kenya: UNCRD.
Meneses, C., and F. Cunha. 1998. The Lumbombo Spatial Development Initiative: Legal and Institutional Framework for Regional Transfrontier Investments: Mozambique’s Case. IUCN-Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique.
Milich, L., and R. G. Varady. 1998. Managing Transboundary Resources: Lessons From River-Basin Accords. Environment 40(8):10-41.
O’Riordan, B. 2000. New Generation Fisheries Agreements: Socialising the Costs, Privatising the Benefits. Brussels, Belgium: ICSF.
Page, K., and M. Schwartz. 1996. USAID capacity building in the environment: A case study of the Central American Commission For Environment And Development. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: USAID.
Pollett E. A., J. J. Mander, M. Mander, D. R. A’Bear, and N. W. Quinn. 1996. Mosa Flosestal Afforestation Project, Mocambique. vol. 3B: Specialist reports: Socio-economic and institutional environment. Institute of Natural Resources, University of Natal, Scottsville, South Africa.
Peace Parks Foundation. 1997. The origin, objectives and activities of the Peace Parks Foundation. PPF, Somerset West, South Africa.
SADC. 1994. Management of regional cooperation: Regional integration in Southern Africa: Regional relations and cooperation post-apartheid: A strategy and policy framework. Gaborone, Botswana.
SADC. 1997. Consolodating the SADC forestry, fisheries and wildlife technical coordination units in Malawi. SADC Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife Consolidation Proposal. Joint Integrated Fisheries, Forestry and Wildlife Technical Coordination Unit (IFFWTCU) Task Group. Lilangwe, Malawi.
Schrijver, N. J. 1993. Sovereignty and the Sharing of Natural Resources. In A. H. Westing, ed., Transfrontier Reserves for Peace and Nature: A Contribution to Human Security, 21-34. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
Trolldalen, J. M. 1992. International environmental conflict resolution: The role of the United Nations. World Foundation for Environment and Development, Oslo, Norway and Washington, D.C., U.S.A..
USAID-RCSA. 1998. RCSA Strategic Plan 1997-2003: Regional Integration through Regional Partnership and Participation. Gaborone, Botswana: USAID-RCSA.
Wade, P. M. 1996. La gestion durable des ressources naturelles et de l’environnement (GDRNE) dans la coopération transfrontalière. RIPAS no. 35-36: 93-106.
Yoffe, S., B. Ward, et al. 1999. Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database. Oregon State University. Accessed July 18, 2001 at http://terra.geo.orst.edu/users/tfdd/.
Young, O. R. 1989. International cooperation: Building regimes for natural resources and the environment. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.: Cornell University Press.
Zbicz, D.C. 1999. The “nature” of transboundary cooperation. Environment 41(3): 15-16.
General and Miscellaneous TBNRM References / Références TBRNM générales et diverses
Chretien, J-P, and J-L Triaud. 1999. Historie d’Afrique: Les Enjeux de Memoire. Paris, France: Editions Karthala.
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FAO-Unesco. 1977. Soil Map of the World (1:5,000,000) Volume VI—Africa. Paris: UNESCO.
Glantz, M. 1996. Currents of Change: El Nino’s impact on climate and society. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Grove, A. T. 1978. Africa, 3rd Edition. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
Hume, M., ed. 1996. Climate change and Southern Africa: An exploration of some potential impacts and implications on the SADC region. Gland, Switzerland: CRU/WWF.
Huston, M. 1995. Saving the planet. Bulletin Ecological Society of America 76(2):97-99.
Hutchinson, M. F., H. A. Nix, J. P. MacMahon, and K. D. Ord. 1996. A topographic and climatic database for Africa—Version 1.1. Canberra: Australian National University.
Moyo, S., P. O’Keefe, and M. Sill. 1993. The southern African environment: Profiles of the SADC countries. London: Earthscan.
Pressey, R. L., and A. O. Nicholls. 1989. Efficiency in conservation evaluation: Scoring versus iterative approaches. Biological Conservation 50:199-218.
Salafsky, N., and R. Margoluis. 2000. Measuring conservation project success: The threat reduction assessment approach. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Biodiversity Support Program.
Tyson, P. D. 1993. Recent developments in the modeling of the future climate of southern Africa. South African Journal of Science 89:494-505.
Wondolleck, J. M., and S. L. Yaffee. 2000. Making collaboration work: Lessons from innovation in natural resource management. Covelo, Calif., U.S.A.: Island Press.