Annex 1
A Non-Exhaustive List of Regional and Global Conventions and Agreements and Organizations with Relevance for TBNRM
(Note: The endnotes provide references to Web sites containing texts on conventions and agreements
or information on the listed organizations.)
| Convention/Agreement/Organization | Year (opened for signing/adopted/established) | Relevant sections/notes |
| 1. Regional Conventions, Agreements and Organizations | ||
| African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Algiers)1 | 1968 | Article V.2, Articles XIV.1 and 3 and Article XVI Focuses in general on the sustainable use and conservation of soil, water, flora and faunal resources and calls in particular for consultation between upstream and downstream parties regarding the joint development and conservation of shared surface or underground water resources to ensure that conservation and management of natural resources are treated as an integral part of regional development plans. It also calls for, where any national development plans are likely to affect the natural resources of another state, the planning state to consult with the latter; and stipulates rules regarding interstate cooperation. |
| Comité Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse au Sahel (CILSS) (Inter-State Committee for the Fight against Desertification in the Sahel) | 1973 | CILSS had developed into a structure that plays an important role in West Africa concerning food security and natural resource management, as regards, for example, desertification. In 1999 ECOWAS and CILSS wrote an action program for West Africa and assigned a chapter to transboundary natural resource management focusing on protected areas, pastoral resources and transboundary transhumance, forests and fragile ecosystems (the humid and arid zones, mountain and mangrove areas). CILSS can provide proposals to national governments, but has no power of implementation. It comprises nine countries: Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger and Chad. |
| Convention for Cooperation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African region2 | 1981 | Preamble, Article IV.1, Article IV.4 and Article XIII.3 Calls for cooperation among parties, joint action, collaboration with international organizations and NGOs, and shared research. |
| Protocol Concerning Protected Areas and Wild Fauna and Flora in the Eastern African Region | 1985 | Preamble and Article VI Calls for close cooperation, especially regarding migratory corridors. |
| Nairobi Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region3 | 1985 | Preamble and Articles X, XI, XIII, XIV, XV Calls for international cooperation on protection, management and development of marine and coastal resources through, for instance, establishing jointly protected areas; cooperation in combating pollution; and scientific and technical collaboration. |
| Southern African Development Community (SADC)4 | 1992 | Calls for protection of biodiversity; development, promotion and harmonization of policies and programs aimed at effective and sustainable utilization of natural resources; and development and harmonization of sound environmental management policies. The Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference (SADCC), the forerunner of the SADC, was established in April 1980. |
| Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds5 | 1994 | Article III — d, f, h, l These articles call for the coordination of efforts, especially where wetlands extend over the area of more than one party; international cooperation for emergency situations; and joint research and monitoring. |
| Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)6 | 1996 | IGAD is the authority superseding the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD), which was created in 1986 by the six drought-stricken countries of Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Uganda to coordinate development in the Horn of Africa, with Eritrea now as seventh member. Food security and environment protection is identified as one of three priority areas. It is recognized that the subregion has abundant natural and human resources that could be developed and exploited to achieve collective self-reliance where peace and security prevails, while preserving the natural resource base and environment. Within this priority area the IGAD aims to harmonize NRM policies and initiate and promote programs and projects to achieve regional food security, sustainable development of natural resources and environmental protection. |
| Conference on Central African Moist Forest Ecosystems (CEFDHAC, launched by the Brazzaville Declaration) | 1996 | Collaborative efforts to manage the forests of the Central Africa region; involves Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of Congo, Rwanda and São Tomé and Principé. |
| Yaoundé Declaration | 1999 | Calls for accelerating transboundary protected area development, adopting harmonized national forest policies, making concerted efforts to stamp out large-scale poaching, and promotion of national and subregional exchanges of experiences, research and information. |
| Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern)7 | 1979 | Chapter IV – Article 10; Chapter V – Article 11a Calls for coordinating research and other efforts for migratory species, cooperating where possible. Focus is on European states that are party to the convention, but may provide relevant connections regarding shared migratory species. |
| 2. Global Conventions and Agreements | ||
| Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)8 | 1971 | Article 5, Objective 7.1 Calls for consultation on wetlands extending over territories of more than one contracting party or for shared water systems; identification of international and/or regional needs for managing shared wetlands and shared catchments; and developing and implementing common approaches. |
| Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention)9 | 1972 | Global recognition and support of specified cultural and natural heritage sites—recently being applied to transboundary sites to a greater extent as well. |
| Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)10 | 1973 | Provides a framework for international trade of species listed in the Appendices of the Convention. |
| Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (Bonn)11 | 1979 | Article III – 4b, Article IV-4, ArticleV-5f, Article V-5k, Article V-5l Calls for the prevention of obstacles to migration; taking of action with respect to animal populations that periodically cross boundaries; maintenance of habitats in migration routes; coordinating antipoaching efforts and exchange of information. |
| Convention on Biologial Diversity12 | 1992 | Preamble, Article 5, 14-1c, 15-2, 18-1, 10-5 Global cooperation regarding sustainable use of natural resources, biodiversity conservation and equity in benefit sharing; cooperation in areas beyond national jurisdiction and other matters of mutual interest; encouraging bilateral, regional, or multilateral agreements for activities affecting other parties; making genetic resources available to other parties; and scientific cooperation/joint research. |
| The Malawi Principles for Ecosystem Management for the Convention on Biological Diversity | 1998 | Establishes a holistic and ecosystem-based approach to natural resource management—a key rationale for TBNRM initiatives. Principles state that managers should consider effects of activities on adjacent and other ecosystems, and involve all relevant sectors of society and scientific disciplines. |
| United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change13 | 1992 | Regional and subregional collaboration to combat elements that cause land degradation. Calls for NGO and international organizational support for developing countries. |
| United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification14 | 1994 | Provides international framework for the prevention of desertification and calls for international and NGO participation and oversight of internal and interstate projects. |
| 1. http://www.fletcher.tufts.edu/multi/texts/african_convention.txt 2. http://sedac.ciesin.org/pidb/texts/marine.coastal.west.central.africa.1981.html 3. http://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/marine.coastal.east.africa.1985.html 4. http://www.sadc.int 5. http://www.wcmc.org.uk/cms/aew_text.htm 6. http://www.igadregion.org 7. http://www.nature.coe.int/english/cadres/berne.htm 8. http://www.ramsar.org/index_key_docs.htm#conv 9. http://www.unesco.org/whc/archive/convtext.htm 10. http://www.cites.ec.gc.ca/ 11. http://www.wcmc.org.uk/cms/ 12. http://www.biodiv.org/convention/articles.asp?lg=0 13. http://www.unfccc.de/ 14. http://www.unccd.int/ |
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