Section One: Bulgaria's Biological Diversity

The Macromycetes Fungi of Bulgaria

Maria Drumeva-Dimcheva and Melania Gyosheva-Bogoeva

Summary

The macromycetes constitute a large part of Bulgaria's fungal resources and are important components in its natural ecosystems. This widespread group of fungi includes a majority of the species in the class Basidiomycetes, as well as a large number of the representatives of the classes Ascomycetes (in the orders Pezizales, Helotiales, Tuberales, and Sphaeriales) and Myxomycetes.

Initial studies of the macromycetes of Bulgaria were undertaken at the beginning of the 1900s. The few mycologists who have worked (and those who are still working) in Bulgaria have studied mainly the species composition and chorology of the macromycetes in various regions of the country. Relatively little research has been done on the taxonomy and ecology of these fungi.

At present, about 2100 macromycetes taxa have been identified for Bulgaria in the scientific literature: 76% from the class Basidiomycetes, 20% from the class Ascomycetes, and 4% from the class Myxomycetes. The distribution of the macromycetes within the country has not been studied so thoroughly. The mycological literature provides relatively good data on the macromycetes species composition of Vitosha Mountain, the eastern Rila Mountains, the Rhodope Mountains, Golo Bardo Mountain, Lozenska Mountain, and the Pirin Mountains. The remainder of Bulgaria's territory (which is a considerable) has been poorly studied with respect to the macromycetes.

The data in the mycological literature are insufficient to allow an objective and comprehensive evaluation of the species composition, distribution, and ecology of the macromycetes in the main ecosystems of Bulgaria. Most of the macromycetes described in the published literature occur in forest ecosystems (both coniferous and deciduous) in the mountain regions: 25% of the species occur in the spruce and pine communities, 26% in the mixed deciduous forests, 21% in oak forests, and 20% in the beech forests.

Scientific information about the macromycetes in the protected areas of Bulgaria is very scarce. Inventories of macromycetes species have been published for only for 11 reserves. Longterm mycoecological studies and mapping of rare macromycetes species have been carried out only for the Ostritsa Reserve on Golo Bardo Mountain.

At present, the identification of rare and threatened fungi species in Bulgaria is exceedingly difficult. This is due in large part to the fact that no national plan for the protection of fungi has been developed and no criteria for determining the status of species has been established. On the basis of longstanding investigations and Red Lists and Red Data Books prepared in other European countries, this paper advances a list of 65 macromycetes species that are rare for Bulgaria.

About 200 species of edible fungi grow in Bulgaria. Regretfully, efforts to explore and protect these important resources are not yet adequate.

The most significant threats to the survival of the macromycetes in Bulgaria are the uncontrolled, rapacious collecting of edible fungi, the destruction of the forest communities, industrial pollution, and the intensive development of motortourism and tourist facilities. It is safe to predict that, unless urgent measures are undertaken, the influence of these anthropogenic activities will result in considerable decreases in, and even the extinction of, the populations of many fungi species.

Based on analysis of the status of the macromycetes in Bulgaria and the state of our knowledge about them, this report offers a number of proposals for the Ministry of Environment to consider in developing an urgent program to protect the fungi of the country.

Introduction

The fungi are a large group of organisms, comprising about 100,000 species worldwide. Due to the peculiarities of their vegetative bodies (the mycelia), nutritional requirements, and reproductive strategies, the fungi occupy an unusual place within the world of organisms. According to modern thinking, they constitute a separate kingdom - Mycetalia - alongside the plant and animal kingdoms (the Vegetabilia and Animalia).

Fungi are widespread in nature. They are a constituent part of practically all natural ecosystems, being especially numerous in forest ecosystems. Fungi from all trophic groups (saprotrophs, parasites, and mycorrhizal fungi) play an important role in the functioning of ecosystems. Because many fungi have important bioindicative properties, they are extremely useful in monitoring programs, and can be used successfully in longterm studies of environmental conditions in regions burdened by anthropogenic impacts.

The modern classification of fungi is as follows:

Kingdom Mycetalia
     Division Myxomycota
           Class Acrasiomycetes
           Class Myxomycotes
           Class Plasmodiophoromycetes
     Division Eumycota
          Class Chytridiomycetes
          Class Oomycetes
          Class Zygomycetes
          Class Ascomycetes
          Class Basidiomycetes
          Class Deuteromycetes

Our paper focuses on the macromycetes fungi. This large group includes a majority of the species of the class Basidiomycetes and a substantial number of representatives of the classes Ascomycetes (orders Pezizales, Helotiales, and Tuberales, and a part of Sphaeriales) and Myxomycetes of the division Myxomycota.

Macromycetes constitute a large part of Bulgaria's fungal reserves and are important components of its natural ecosystems. They create a secondary product, beneficial to both animals and people, in the form of fruiting bodies, the yields of which in the forests may reach over a ton of fresh weight per hectare. In Bulgaria, as in most countries, macromycetes are a tremendously valuable food product. This in turn makes them extremely vulnerable. In Bulgaria, the edible fungi are subject to uncontrolled, rapacious gathering and commercial trade. As a result, the populations of a number of species can be considered threatened. In addi-tion to the edible fungi, other very rare and interesting macromycetes species are gathered. Many species are striking and even whimsical in appearance. These fungi, together with the poisonous species (whose fruiting bodies are, for obvious reasons, destroyed by people), are also threatened with declines in their populations.

When considered in the context of activities in defense of fungal biodiversity, both in Europe and in the world, Bulgaria's conservation efforts are seen to be lagging considerably. This is exceptionally alarming. It is absolutely essential that Bulgarians initiate a series of scientific, institutional, and technical activities especially directed toward the protection of fungal resources, and toward their wise use. For that reason, we have in this report summarized the information available in the Bulgarian mycological literature on the species composition, distribution, and ecology of the macromycetes - the most seriously threatened among our fungal reserves. We have placed special emphasis on the economically important edible and poisonous fungi, as well as the rare and interesting macromycetes species, in our country. In considering more comprehensively the attributes of the macromycetes in Bul-garia, we have referred also to fungi species that are important for the functioning of the forest and other ecosystems.

The Background of Mycological Investigations in Bulgaria

The study of Bulgarian fungi began in the early twentieth century, and involved mainly the investigation and elimination of fungal diseases of cultivated plants. Much of this phytopathological research was performed at the experimental agricultural stations near Sadovo, Obraztsov Chiflik, and in Sofia at the Faculty of Agronomy. Although the investigations carried out in these centers focused mainly on phytopathology, the published materials included data on parasitic fungi species that were either new to science or identified for the first time in Bulgaria. New information was also reported on the morphology and biology of fungi.

Early Investigations

The founder of mycological science in Bulgaria is considered to be Konstantin Malkov, who laid the foundations for an inventory of fungi parasitic on the wild and cultivated plants in the country. Significant contributions to the study of parasitic fungi in Bulgaria can be found in the work of P. Kozarov, B. Ivanov, H. Savov, D. Atanasov, I. Kovachevsky, A. Hristov, A. Radoslavov, T. Dimitrov, and more recently, M. Markov, Ts. Hinkova, P. Mihailova, S. Vanev, V. Fakirova, and B. Rosnev (Stanev, 1987; Fekirova, 1991).

Purely fundamental mycological research has been carried out by botanists at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at the University of Sofia. The first theoretical investigations of macromycetes fungi in Bulgaria are associated with the name of the first Professor in Botany at the University of Sofia - Stephan Georgiev. He collected and identified a number of fungal species previously unknown in the country, mainly from coniferous forests in the Rila Mountains near Borovets. His findings were post-humously published by S. Petkov (Petkov, 1905-1906).

Another of the early macromycetes investigators was Krum Vlaev. He collected materials from Vitosha, Liulin, and the outskirts of Sofia. As a participant in the Balkan War, he gathered materials from Turkish Thrace, later publishing the results (Vlaev, 1915). Vlaev's untimely death hindered the publication of further results from his research. This information later appeared in papers by Boyan Barsakov (Barsakov, 1926a, 1926b, 1929).

Todor Dimitrov's research involved forest phytopathology. In his publications he referred to some parasitic macromycetes from the family Polyporaceae (Dimitrov, 1922, 1923, 1926).

Floristic Studies

Among these early mycologists, Boyan Barsakov made the greatest contributions to the study of the macromycetes fungi. In a total of 12 publications, he reported 614 species and varieties of macromycetes new for Bulgaria from the classes Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes, and several hundred other species with new habitats for various parts of the country (Barsakov, 1926c, 1928, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1936, 1939a, and 1939b). He collected materials from Vitosha, Liulin, the Rila and Pirin Mountains, the Western Rhodopes, the Stara Planina Mountains, and Sredna Gora. Barsakov's work on Vitosha Mountain (Barsakov, 1933) was the first attempt at a more systematic regional study of macromycetes in Bulgaria (Stanev, 1987).

During the first half of the century, a number of European (particularly Czech) mycologists visited Bulgaria and made substantial contributions to the study of its fungi. Macromycetes were collected and results published by Klika (1926b), Picbauer (1937), Pilat (1926, 1927), Hruby (1931) and others (Stanev, 1987).

As is clear from the previous discussion, the first data with respect to the diversity and distribution of the macromycetes of Bulgaria were chiefly the result of incidental investigations. Regretfully, almost none of the materials of the first Bulgarian mycologists are preserved. Specimens collected in Bulgaria in the first half of this century are housed in the Botanical Institute in Prague. It is likely that individual small collections can also be found at other places abroad.

The foundations for the systematic study of the fungi in Bulgaria were laid by Tsvetana Hinkova. In a series of papers, she published the results of longterm investigations on the macromycetes in coniferous and deciduous communities on Vitosha, in the eastern Rilas, and at Loudogorie (Hinkova, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1955a, 1955b, 1958a, 1958b, 1961, 1962, 1963). Together with other mycologists, Hinkova published data on the species composition and chorology of the macromycetes in various regions of Bulgaria. Hinkova and Alexandrov (1971) and Hinkova and Fakirova (1970) reported the results of their studies of the species composition of the macromycetes on Lozenska Mountain.

Hinkova and Drumeva (1978) published data obtained as a result of several years of study of the macromycetes in pine plantations of varying age in the western and eastern Stara Planina Mountains and in the eastern Rhodopes. Hinkova et al. (1979, 1981) published results of longterm investigations of the macromycetes in different plant communities in the Rhodopes. The same authors have carried out stationary mycological investigations in the forest communities of the Pirin Mountains (Hinkova et al.,1990; Stoychev and Drumeva, 1987).

Data on the species composition and chorology of the macromycetes in various regions of Bulgaria can also be found in the publications of other Bulgarian and foreign mycologists: Kreisel (1962), Stoychev (1979), Kuthan and Kotlaba (1981, 1988), Vanev and Reid (1986), Dorfelt (1987), Gyosheva (1991a), Gyosheva and Drumeva (1991), Drumeva et al. (1992), and others.

Taxonomy

In contrast to these floristic studies, only a few mycologists have worked in the field of macromycetes taxonomy in Bulgaria. The papers of Alexandrov (1968, 1969, 1970, 1971) provide information on the systematics of the macromycetes from the Discomycetes of the class Ascomycetes, gathered on Vitosha and in the Stara Planina Mountains. Fakirova has contributed studies of the taxonomy of the macromycetes from the Pyronomycetes and Discomycetes of the class Ascomycetes, and especially of the coprophilous fungi in this class (Fakirova, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1978, 1982, 1985, and others). Chalakov develops taxonomically the genera Bovista, Lycoperdon, and Phallus from the Gasteromycetes (Calakov, 1978, 1982, 1985). Reid and Vanev (1984) present taxonomic descriptions of macromycetes species new and interesting for Bulgaria. Stoychev (1979, 1981a, 1981b, 1982, 1987a, 1987b) worked on the taxonomy of the fungi of the family Polyporaceae.

These have been the most significant taxonomic investigations of macromycetes in Bulgaria so far. In 1991 work began on the publication of the multivolume Fungi in Bulgaria (Fakirova, 1991). As this publication develops, it will present new taxonomic information on different macromycetes groups.

Mycoecology

The beginnings of mycoecological investigations in Bulgaria can be traced to Tsvetana Hinkova's article (1954) "The Higher Fungi on Vitosha." Certain aspects of macromycetes ecology can also be found in her other works (Hinkova, 1958a, 1961b). The mycological studies of Drumeva in pine plantations (Drumeva, 1981, 1983) and in the forest communities of the Pirin Mountains (Stoychev and Drumeva, 1987) were also ecologically oriented. Gyosheva has studied the macromycetes as components of the major ecological communities of Golo Bardo Mountain (Gyosheva, 1984, 1991b) and of the Balkan pine communities on Vitosha (Gyosheva and Bogoev, 1985). Her work has also focused on the role of the saprotrophic macromycetes in the cycling of forest materials (Gyosheva and Matakieva, 1985; Bogoev and Gyosheva, 1987). Data from studies of wooddestroying macromycetes in various forest communities in Bulgaria are found in the works of Videlov et al. (1987) and Rosnev and Stoychev (1985).

From this brief historical review of Bulgarian mycology, it is plain that the few mycologists who worked and who are still working in Bulgaria have focused mainly on studies of macromycetes species composition and chorology in various regions of the country. The macromycetes materials collected by the younger generation of mycologists (Hinkova, Drumeva, Fakirova, Stoychev, Gyosheva) are housed in the mycological herbaria of the Institute of Botany in Sofia and in the Higher Agrarian Institute in Plovdiv.

Gaps in Knowledge of the Macromyces

Thorough review and analysis of the mycological literature in Bulgaria leads to the conclusion that the available scientific information about macromycetes is rather scanty. Based on this information, it is not yet possible to characterize comprehensively the status of the macromycetes as a basic part of the fungal reserves of Bulgaria. The are five main areas in which further research on the macromycetes of Bulgaria is needed:

Taxonomy and ecology. As mycological science developed in Bulgaria, the few mycologists who worked here failed to lay solid foundations for purposeful taxonomic and ecological investigations on the macromycetes. These basic areas of mycology are still poorly developed in Bulgaria with respect to the macromycetes. Our mycological literature is deficient in data about the taxonomy and ecology of these fungi.

Species composition and distribution. Macromycetes species composition has not been studied adequately in Bulgaria. Systematic investigations of these fungi have been carried out for many years in just a few regions. Many of the publications include data about macromycetes collected during short field trips. As a result, different parts of the country have been explored to varying extent, the number of the poorly studied regions being exceedingly large.

Sitespecific research. The majority of mycological investigations have been carried out using methods that have hindered qualitative and quantitative evaluation of specific sites and that have not allowed for the elucidation of the structure of mycocenoses in the major ecosystems of Bulgaria. Mycological studies using the stationary method have been carried out only in recent years. These latter studies have begun to provide more information on the species composition, phenology, ecotrophic structure, and productivity (the number and biomass of fruiting bodies) of the macromycetes (Drumeva, 1981, 1983; Gyosheva and Bogoev, 1985; Gyosheva and Matakieva, 1985).

Longterm research in reserves. A very significant gap in the exploration of the macromycetes in Bulgaria is the lack of systematic longterm studies of species composition, and the mapping of these fungi, in the nation's reserves. The macromycetes have been well studied and mapped only at the Ostritsa Reserve in the Golo Bardo Mountains (Gyosheva, 1991b).

Edible fungi. Too little is known about the species composition and productivity of the edible fungi in the various regions of Bulgaria. There is practically no scientific information on the reserves of edible fungi in the country.

These major gaps in knowledge present great obstacles to the creation of a sciencebased program for the protection of the fungal diversity of the country. In order to overcome these obstacles, mycological investigations in Bulgaria must be intensified and the facts about species composition and distribution of the macromycetes ascertained. The macromycetes in the reserves must be studied and mapped as fully as possible.

A special program should be created to stimulate exploration of the edible fungi in all parts of the country. The major gaps in our knowledge of the macromycetes in Bulgaria can be filled only with the help of such urgent measures. Regretfully, the small number of Bulgarian mycologists are unable to solve these important tasks without the assistance of the Ministry of Environment.

Geographic Areas Requiring Further Study

The distribution of the macromycetes in Bulgaria has not been adequately studied. Of the 20 floristic regions of the country (Map 2), only in the Rhodope Mountains has the species composition of the macromycetes been well studied. This work includes longterm systematic investigations on the macromycetes (Hinkova et al., 1979, 1981).

Studies of macromycetes species composition and longerterm mycological investigations have been carried out in other mountain regions and in territories in other floristic regions: the eastern Rila Mountains (Hinkova, 1955, 1958a, 1958b); Vitosha Mountain in the Vitosha floristic region (Barsakov, 1933; Hinkova, 1954, 1955; Alexandrov, 1968, 1970, 1971; Gyosheva and Bogoev, 1985); the Pirin Mountains (Hinkova et al., 1990); Golo Bardo Mountain in the Znepole floristic region (Gyosheva, 1984, 1991a, 1991b); Lozenska Mountain in the Sredna Gora floristic region (Hinkova and Fakirova, 1970; Hinkova and Alexandrov, 1971); the southern Black sea coast (Kuthan and Kotlaba, 1981, 1988); the forests of Karakuz and Palamara (Loudogorie) in the northeastern Bulgaria floristic region (Hinkova, 1962); and the pine plantations in the eastern and western Stara Planina Mountains (Hinkova and Drumeva, 1978; Drumeva and Stoychev, 1984, 1987). (See Map 2).

All the other floristic regions of Bulgaria have been inadequately studied with respect to macromycetes. Published data is extremely scanty for the macromycetes of the Danube River plain, the western border mountains, Slavyanka Mountain, and the Mesta River valley. All poorly studied and unexplored floristic regions in Bulgaria are of interest from a mycological point of view. The unique vegetation and relatively insignificant anthropogenic influence at Strandzha Mountain, Belasitsa, Slavyanka Mountain, the western border mountains, and the mountains of the Znepole region (Kraishte) suggest a rich diversity of macromycetes, including species that are new, rare, and interesting for the country. At the same time, however, little species variety or richness can be expected in unstudied areas near large cities, in industrial regions, in forest communities strongly influenced by human activities, or under ecological conditions unfavorable for the development of fungi.

Appendix 3 provides the number of macromycetes species published for each floristic region of Bulgaria along with the principal published sources.

Status of the Macromyces in Bulgaria

So far, about 2100 taxa of macromycetes - species, subspecies, varieties, and forms - have been described for Bulgaria, divided among the following systematic groups (figures should be considered approximate):

Division Myxomycota - 57 taxa
     Class Myxomycetes - 57 taxa
Division Eumycota - 2002 taxa
     Class Ascomycetes - 415 taxa
          Order Sphaeriales - 37 taxa
          Orders Discomycetes (Helotiales, Pezizales, Tuberales) - 378 taxa
     Class Basidiomycetes - 1607 taxa
       Subclass Homobasidiomycetidae - 1574 taxa
          Order Aphillophorales - 468 taxa
          Order Boletales - 76 taxa
          Order Agaricales - 804 taxa
          Order Russulales - 142 taxa
          Order Gasteromycetes - 84 taxa
          Order Melanogastrales - 1 taxon
          Order Hymenogastrales - 4 taxa
          Order Sclerodermatales - 7 taxa
          Order Lycoperdales - 57 taxa
          Order Nidulariales - 10 taxa
          Order Phallales - 5 taxa
          Order Podaxales - 2 taxa
      Subclass Heterobasidiomycetidae - 33 taxa
          Order Auriculariales - 3 taxa
          Order Tremellales - 19 taxa
          Order Tulasnellales - 1 taxon
          Order Dactymicetales - 10 taxa

At present, about 5,500 species of macromycetes are known for the world, mainly from the classes Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes. In view of the fact that the macromycetes of Bulgaria have not yet been adequately studied, the number of published taxa is evidence of a considerable degree of species diversity.

The extent of poorly studied or almost unexplored regions in Bulgaria suggests that a great reserve of unknown species of fungi exists here. As proof of this, new and rare taxa of macromycetes from all systematic groups are still emerging with each successive comprehensive study of the macromycetes, and even during mycological field trips.

Rare Species

For a number of reasons, it is very difficult at present to distinguish rare fungi species. First and foremost, a program for the protection of the fungi of Bulgaria has not yet been developed, and so criteria for determining the status of rare and threatened species have not been established.

The biological characteristics of fungi present additional difficulties for determining rarity. Fungi are strongly affected by climatic conditions, especially as regards the sporadic character of their fruiting bodies. This demands that long (i.e., not less than tenyear) stationary investigations be conducted in order to distinguish species composition in a given community. Only in this way will it be possible to establish the longterm cyclic recurrence characteristic of many fungi species. The ephemerality of the fruiting bodies of the fungi also greatly hampers exploration of their populations.

These peculiarities of fungal biology, combined with the poor amount of research on macromycetes at the national and regional levels, hinder efforts to prepare a definitive list of rare and threatened species. It is quite probable that macromycetes species that have been collected just once or twice, and whose distribution throughout the country has not been well studied, would be included in the category of rare species. Such are many species from the genera Helotium, Helvella, Leptoglossum, Mitrula, Entoloma, Hygrocybe, Hygrophorus, Inocybe, Lactarius, Russula, Tricholoma, and others from the classes Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.

In determining rarity, consideration should be given to the varying degree of intensive exploitation and other negative anthropogenic influences upon the ecosystems in the different parts of Bulgaria. It is quite possible for any given species to be considered rare or threatened only in some regions. For this reason, longterm regional investigations of the macromycetes are absolutely indispensable. Unfortunately, studies of this sort are almost nonexistent in Bulgaria.

Due to these difficulties in determining the rarity of macromycetes species in Bulgaria, we in our efforts have employed mainly our own longterm regional investigations, those of other authors, and also the Red Lists of a number of European countries, especially Bulgaria's neighbors. Our proposed list of rare species comprises 65 species (Appendix 4). Since this is the first attempt of its kind for Bulgaria, this list cannot be considered exhaustive, and should be regarded as preliminary. Regions with rare mac-romycetes species for Bulgaria and Europe are presented in Map 3.

Macromyces in the Ecosystems of Bulgaria

The macromycetes have not been well studied as components of the main ecosystems of Bulgaria. Until recently, ecological investigations of the macromycetes were largely ignored. As a result, the data in the mycological literature are insufficient to allow objective and comprehensive evaluations of the species composition, distribution, and ecology of macromycetes in the various types of ecosystems of Bulgaria. The published taxa of macromycetes for the most extensive ecosystems in the country are as follows (figures are approximate):

Coniferous forest ecosystems
      Communities of Picea abies: 525 taxa
      Communities of Pinus sylvestris and P. nigra: 523 taxa
      Communities of Pinus peuce: 98 taxa
Deciduous forest ecosystems
      Communities of Fagus sylvatica: 424 taxa
      Oak communities (Quercus cerris, Q. frainetto, Q. robur): 468 taxa
Mixed deciduous communities
      (Carpinus betulus, Acer campestre, A. pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, and others): 549 taxa
Herbaceous ecosystems: 260 taxa
Plant communities in the subalpine zone: 27 taxa
Plant communities in the alpine zone: 43 taxa

Analysis of data from the literature reveals that the greatest number of macromycetes species has been published for forest ecosystems (deciduous and coniferous) in the mountainous regions of Bulgaria: Vitosha Mountain, the Rila Mountains, the Rhodope Mountains, the Pirin Mountains, and the Stara Planina Mountains.

Judging from the literature and from our own investigations, we consider the following plant communities to be particularly interesting and unique in terms of the species composition and ecology of macromycetes: oak and beech forests on calcareous substrates; dense forests (e.g., of Ropotamo National Park and the Gorna and Dolna Topchia Reserves along the Kamchia River); plant communities in the alpine and subalpine zones, especially the alpine peats; communities of Juniperus excelsa, Phillyrea media, and Castanea sativa (e.g., on Belasitsa Mountain and in the Pirins). These communities should be given special attention with respect to their fungi.

Mycoecological investigations in different types of ecosystems (Hinkova, 1954, 1958; Drumeva, 1981, 1983; Gyosheva, 1984, 1991b; Gyosheva and Bogoev, 1985) have allowed researchers to identify a number of widespread macromycetes species that play important roles in the functioning of the forest and herbaceous ecosystems of Bulgaria (see Appendix 5). The most widespread and characteristic edible fungi in the main types of ecosystems of Bulgaria are listed in Appendix 6.

Fragility

The macromycetes are highly susceptible to anthropogenic disturbances. Investigations throughout the world have given evidence of the significant bioindicative properties of the fungi. In this respect they are as effective as lichens as bioindicators. In Bulgaria no research results have yet been published in which fungi were used in biomonitoring. Since 1992, however, specialists from the Taxonomy and Ecology of the Fungi Department of the Institute of Botany at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences have been studying the accumulation of heavy metals in the fruiting bodies of the macromycetes in certain industrial regions of the country.

. Observations in seriously disturbed ecosystems - near large cities, in industrial regions, in tourist complexes, along roads, and so forth - have revealed a number of correlations, verified in many European countries, testifying to the high fragility of the macromycetes with respect to human activities. In these ecosystems, the species composition and trophic structure of the fungi communities are considerably altered, and a number of ruderal and nitrophilic species become dominant. In Bulgaria these include members of the genera Coprinus, Psathyrella, Panaeolus, Stropharia, and Russula (R.. delica). These species stand out against the background of the considerably reduced species composition of the macromycetes.

The macromycetes are susceptible to other anthropogenic influences. For example, the clearing and burning of forests rapidly alters macromycetes species composition. Some fungi groups are replaced by others in the process of secondary succession. The publications of Drumeva (1981) document such changes. Additional anthropogenic activities that threaten the survival of the macromycetes and the structure of fungi in the ecosystems of Bulgaria include the intensive collection of edible fungi (see below), industrial pollutants (especially acid precipitation), and the destruction of forest communities. Most vulnerable to these pressures are the edible fungi, the mycorrhizal fungi, the litter saprotrophs, and species that are strictly acidophilic or calciphilic.

Macromycetes in the Reserves of Bulgaria

The mycobiota of the reserves in Bulgaria has been poorly studied. Data are available for only 11 reserves, or about 17% of the protected areas of the country. Data on the macromycetes are published for the following reserves:

Ardashlak - 2 species (Stoychev and Drumeva, 1987)
Arkutino - 1 species (Stoychev and Drumeva, 1979)
Bayuvi Doupki - 39 species (Hinkova et al., 1990) Beglika - 64 species (Barsakov, 1931; Hinkova et al.,1979; Stoyhev, 1982; Reid and Vanev, 1983, 1986; Bogoev and Gyosheva, 1987; Stoychev and Drumeva, 1987)
Bistrishko Branishte - 7 species (Barsakov, 1926; Hinkova, 1955; Alexandrov, 1971)
Karakouz - 77 species (Hinkova, 1962)
Ostritsa - 88 species (Gyosheva, 1984, 1991a, 1991b)
Parangalitsa - 58 species (Rosnev and Stoychev, 1985; Drumeva and Stoychev, 1986; Kuthan and Kotlaba, 1988)
Silkosiya - 4 species (Kuthan and Kotlaba, 1988)
Shabanitsa - 43 species (Hinkova et al., 1979)
Sherba - 1 species (Stoychev and Drumeva, 1987)

Longterm mycological investigations and mapping of rare macromycetes species have been carried out only at the Ostritsa Reserve on Golo Bardo Mountain (Gyosheva, 1991b). Appendix 7 lists the macromycetes species that have been found in the Bulgarian reserves. Rare species are marked with an asterisk.

Species Collected in the Wild

About 200 species of edible fungi grow in Bulgaria, comprising an important part of the country's biological resources. In recent years the interest in certain fungi species as a source of economic return has greatly increased. Considerable amounts of fungi are being collected in the forests and sold for export to western Europe without any control. The species with the greatest demand and highest prices on the Bulgarian "fungi market" are: all edible boleti, especially Boletus edulis and B. pinophilus, Cantharellus cibarius, and species from the genera Gyromitra, Morchella, and Vepra of the class Ascomycetes. Well financed expeditions are also organized by foreign companies to search for truffles as well as less popular fungi, such as a large number of species from the genus Hygrophorus. Some of these species are rare in Bulgaria. All of these facts are indicative of the currently unscrupulous conditions under which fungal reserve are exploited within the country.

Appendix 1 lists the most valuable edible fungi in Bulgaria (139 species). In order to facilitate the eventual preparation of a program for the management and preservation of these species, they are grouped into four categories:

Category 1: Edible fungi, bearing fruiting bodies annu-ally and frequently, and collected on a large scale. 35 species listed.

Category 2: Relatively rare edible fungi, bearing fruiting bodies frequently, and collected on a large scale. 36 species listed.

Category 3: Rare species of edible fungi, bearing fruiting bodies rarely, but being collected. 29 species listed.

Category 4: Edible fungi, bearing fruiting bodies annually and frequently, but not being collected on a large scale (i.e., unfamiliar or not-so-palatable fungi). 39 species listed.

Appendix 2 lists the most well known poisonous fungi in Bulgaria (28 species). Most of these are widespread and fructify frequently. Rarer and more interesting species of poisonous fungi for Bulgaria and Europe are Agaricus placomyces, Amanita vittadinii, Boletus rhodopurpureus, B. rhodoxanthus, and Cortinarius orellanus.

Impact of Collecting

The collecting of edible fungi in Bulgaria is done in a most rapacious way. The fruiting bodies are uprooted, damaging the mycelium. Vast areas in the forests are trampled. No ripe fruiting bodies are being left for reproduction. In most cases, the fungi collectors possess inadequate knowledge about the mode of fungi growth and picking techniques, and destroy all other fungi that they encounter but do not know.

The uncontrolled gathering of fungi has continued in Bulgaria for a number of years now, and will continue to expand unless urgent legislative measures are taken. If no actions are taken, populations of these fungi will certainly diminish, and may even disappear in the most devastated regions. The most vulnerable fungi populations are those in the Categories 1, 2, and especially 3 above.

Two years ago, the Fungi Department of the Institute of Botany of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences developed a program to study the populations of edible fungi in the most heavily exploited parts of Bulgaria. Regretfully, this program has not yet been financed.

Managing the Collecting of Fungi

A program of legislative measures is urgently needed to gain control over the collecting of edible fungi and to preserve the fungal reserves of the country, with special emphasis on the edible fungi in the most seriously threat-ened regions (see recommendations below and Map 4). If legislative measures are not undertaken soon, the populations of many edible fungi will be dangerously reduced, or even driven to extinction, within the next ten years. This scenario should be considered conservative, since it assumes no alternation of highyield and loweryield years for the fungi.

In order to facilitate the creation of a sciencebased program of legislative measures, mycologists and other experts from the Ministry of Environment have prepared a descriptive document, "Characteristics of the Macromycetes Fungi in the Main Types of Ecosystems of Bulgaria" (Gyosheva and Drumeva, 1992). This document was adopted by the Committee of Specialists of the Ministry of Environment on 15 December 1992.

Threats to the Macromycetes of Bulgaria

The clearing (and burning) of forests to provide arable land, and the exploitation of forests for the wood industry;

Destruction of forests for the construction of roads, industrial enterprises, tourist complexes, and athletic facilities; and

Heavy grazing in the herbaceous and forest communities, which diminishes macromycetes species diversity and encourages the proliferation of many ruderal and nitrophilic species.

At present, the most dangerous threats to the survival of the macromycetes are:

As noted above, the uncontrolled collection of fruiting bodies for commercial purposes, especially the unrestricted export of large amounts of fungi by foreign companies. This can lead to the destruction of whole populations in certain habitats, while reducing considerably the possibilities for restoration.

The impacts of intensive forestry and agricultural techniques (e.g., the clearing of forests, plowing of glades and meadows, and overgrazing). These techniques tend to alter species composition, reduce species diversity, and lower the productivity of the mac-romycetes.

Largescale emission of industrial wastes (including transboundary pollution). Industrial wastes cause extinction among the more fragile species of fungi in areas near the source of pollution, as well as alterations and reductions in species composition across a broader area. Acid precipitation disturbs the trophic processes of mycorrhizae and diminishes the quantity of fruiting bodies of the macromycetes. Acid precipitation also has significant impacts on the litter saprotrophs, and leads to extinctions in populations of basophilic species. Open pit mines present a direct threat to fungi. Although limited in territory, such mines cause direct destruction of the vegetation cover, including the macromycetes.

Intensive development of motortourism and tourist facilities. This is very dangerous to the macromycetes. The building of roads in the mountains gives people easy access to forest communities situated in the highest altitudes and in regions far removed from large cities. Commercial fungi collectors can thus easily and quickly collect and transport large amounts of edible fungi.

Looking toward the future, the most important potential threats to the survival of the macromycetes in Bulgaria are the overcollecting of edible fungi, industrial pollution, the clearing of forests, and overgrazing.

Recommendations

Based on the foregoing analysis, we recommend the following measures to protect and restore the fungal reserves in Bulgaria:

Create as soon as possible a preliminary list of rare and threatened macromycetes in Bulgaria, drawing upon existing longterm investigations, scientific literature, and herbarium materials, and using mycology specialists under the guidance of the Ministry of Environment. On the basis of this list, mycological investigations should be carried out for a number of years in all regions of the country, with the aim of preparing regional red data lists and a Red Data Book for the fungi in Bulgaria.

Do everything practically possible to include Bulgaria in the European program for mapping and protecting fungi, and to encourage the creation of a Balkan Red Data Book for fungi.

Search for opportunities to finance joint projects with leading mycological centers in Europe to study the mycobiota of Bulgaria and to create a red data list for the country. This is important given the low number of the mycologists in Bulgaria.

Since reserves are the only places where the protection of fungi is really attainable at the present moment, the Ministry of Environment should explore the possibility of establishing a program for studying and mapping the mycobiota within them.

Consolidate efforts to protect the fungi within the reserves.

Increase efforts to protect the fungi within the national parks and in certain interesting ecosystems near tourist complexes and along the Black Sea coast.

Create microreserves in certain characteristic ecosys-tems of Bulgaria notable for their high fungal biodi-versity and the presence of rare and interesting spe-cies.

Under the guidance of the Ministry of Environment, prepare a program to survey the reserves of edible fungi in the country and to map the most valuable and highyield species by region.

Initiate strict controls on fungi collecting, particularly for species subject to trade, in the most seriously threatened regions of the country: the Rhodopes, the Rila Mountains, the Stara Planina Mountains, Sredna Gora, and the Vitosha region.

Revise the list of edible fungi permitted for trade according to the national standard of 1960, removing the names of threatened species: Amanita caesarea, Boletus aereus, B. fechtneri, B. regius, Morchella conica, M. esculenta, and others. In addition, the national standard for fungi trading should be corrected, and the list of permitted species updated.

To attain effective legislative measures for the protection of the fungal reserves in Bulgaria, the Ministry of Environment should at the end of each year be presented with information about the species composition and the amount of fungi purchased and exported.

Based on this information, the Ministry should evalu-ate the need to initiate more restrictive management regimes for certain fungi species in specific regions. 12. A program to record and report annual data on the edible fungi of managed forests and in the reserves should also be initiated.

In order to restore fungal reserves, develop and implement in the managed forests a program of artificial mycorrhization of the woody plants. The aim of the program should be to maintain stable populations of valuable edible fungi, especially in the anthropogenically damaged forests, as well as to create fungal plantations of these species. Artificial mycorrhization would also have a positive influence also on the ecological status of the forests in Bulgaria.

Study the distribution of the truffles in Bulgaria, with special attention to Tuber aestivum and its inclusion in the red data list for the country.

Carry out of a large-scale program to popularize scientific knowledge about the fungi and to communicate the need to protect fungi as an element of nature. Activities should be organized so as to take in all parts of the population (e.g., through the electronic media and special educational courses on fungi). These activities should pursue one single aim: to develop the conservation ethic of the population.

Prepare regional brochures, folders, and posters illustrating rare and threatened fungi, especially edible species. These visual materials should be placed at hotels, tourist huts, lift stations, schools, and other sites.

Popularize through fungi courses, books, and other means the collecting of delicious edible fungi that are unfamiliar to the public, and the populations of which are abundant (Category 4).

Look for opportunities, especially in the near future (i.e., 1994-95), to create in Bulgaria a collection of cultures of rare and threatened fungal species, with the ultimate aim of reintroducing them to natural habitats.

The following species of edible fungi are recommended for special attention. They are the most intensively collected, and their populations should be more carefully managed on an annual basis, with the ultimate aim of initiating stricter management regimes where and when necessary.
      1. Amanita caesarea - Category 2
      2. Boletus aereus - Category 2
      3. Boletus fechtneri - Category 2
      4. Boletus regius - Category 3
      5. Boletus edulis - Category 1
      6. Cantharellus cibarius - Category 1
      7. Cantharellus cornicopioides - Category 2
      8. Morchella conica - Category 2
      9. Morchella esculenta - Category 2
      10. Verpa bohemica - Category 3
      11. Verpa conica - Category 3

Appendix 1. Valuable Edible Fungi in Bulgaria

Category 1: Edible fungi, bearing fruiting bodies annually and frequently, and collected on a large scale.

Agaricus arvensis Schaeff.

A. campestris L.

Amanita rubescens Pers. (: Fr.)

Armillaria mellea (Vahl.: Fr.) Kumm.

A. tabescens (Scop.: Fr.) Emel.

Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr.

B. pinophilus Pil. Fr Derek

Calocybe gambosa (Fr.) Sing.

Camarophyllus pratensis (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm

Cantharellus cibarius Fr.

Clitopilus prunulus (Scop.: Fr.) Kumm

Entoloma clypeatum (L.) Kumm

Flammulina velutipes (Curt.: Fr.) Karst.

Gyroporus castaneus (Bull.: Fr.) Quel.

Hydnum repandum L.

Lactarius piperatus (L.: F.) Pers.

L. deliciosus (L.) S.F. Gray

Leccinum rufum (Schaeff.) Kriesel. = L. aurantiacum (Bull.) S.F. Gray

L. scabrum (Bull.: Fr.) S. F. Gray

Lepista nebularis (Batsch.: Fr.) Harmaja

L. nuda (Bull.: Fr.) Cke

Macrolepita excoriata (Schaeff.: Fr.) S.F. Was ser.

M. procera (Scop.: Fr.) Sing.

M. rhacodes (Vitt.) Sing.

Marasmius oreades (Bolt.: Fr.) Fr.

Pleorotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm.

Ramaria aurea (Schaeff.) Quel.

R. flava (Schaeff.: Fr.) Quel.

Russula xerampelina (Schaeff.) Fr.

Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) Karst.

Suillus bovinus (L.) O.K.

S. granulatus (L.) O.K.

S. luteus (L.) S.F. Gray

Tricholoma portentosum (Fr.) Quel.

T. terreum (Schaeff.: Fr.) Kumm

Category 2: Relatively rare edible fungi, bearing fruiting bodies frequently, and collected on a large scale.

Agaricus augustus Fr.

A. comptulus Fr.

A. haemorrhoidarius Kalchdr. et Schulz

A. silvaticus Schaeff.

Albatrellus confluens (Alb. et Schw.: Fr.) Kotl. et Pouz

A. ovinus (Schaeff.: Fr.) Kotl. et Pouz

Amanita caesarea (Scop.: Fr.) Pers.

Boletus aereus Bull: Fr.

B. erythropus (Fr.: Fr.) Krbh

B. fechtneri Vel.

B. impolitus Fr.

Craterellus cornicopoides (L.) Pers.

Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) Fr.

Gyroporus cyanescens (Bull.: Fr.) Quel.

Hygrophorus russula (Schaeff.: Fr.) Quel.

Kuechneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.: Fr.) Sing. fr A.H. Smith

Lactarius sanguifluus Fr.

L. semisanguifluus Heim fr Leclair

L. volemus (Fr.) Fr.

Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murrill.

Langermannia gigantea (Batsch.: Pers.) RostK.

Lepiota clypeolaria (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm.

L. subalba Kuhn.: Orton

Macrolepiota mastoidea (Fr.) Sing.

Morchella conica Pers.: Fr.

M. esculenta Pers.: Fr.

Paxillus involutus (Batsch.: Fr.) Fr.

Polyporus squamosus (Huds.): Fr.

Ramaria botrytis (Pers.: Fr.) Ricken

Russula vesca Fr.

R. virescens (Schaeff. emend Pers.) Fr.

Tricholoma flavovirens (Pers.: Fr.) Lundell.

T. imbricatum (Fr.: Fr.) Kumm.

T. populinum Lge.

Xerocomus badius (Fr.) Kuhner: Gilb.

X. subtomentosus (L.) Quel.

Category 3: Rare species of edible fungi, bearing fruiting bodies rarely, collected.

Agaricus bernardii Quel.

A. bitorquos (Quel.) Sacc.

A. excellens (Moell.) Moell.

A. macrosporus (Moell. ex Schff.) Pil.

Boletus queletii S. Schulzer

B. regius Krbh.

B. speciosus Frost.

Clavariadelphus pistillaris (L.) Donk.

Cortinarius praestans (Cord.) Gill.

Gomphus clavatus (Pers.: Fr.) S.F. Gray

Hericium coralloides (Scop.: Fr.) S.F. Gray

Leccinum quercinum Pil.

Lepista personata (Fr.: Fr.) Cke

Leucopaxillus giganteus (Fr.) Sing.

L. lepistoides (R. Mre) Sing.

Pleurotus eryngii (DC : Fr.) Quel.

Psudohynum gelatinosum (Scop.: Fr.) Karst.

Rozites caperatus (Pers.: Fr.) Karst.

Sparassis crispa (Wulf. in Jacq.): Fr.

Russula aurea Pers. = R. aurata Fr.

R. lutea (Huds.: Fr.) S.F. Gray

Suillus gravillei (Klotzch: Fr.) Sing.

S. sibiricus Sing.

S. variegatus (Sw.: Fr.) O.K.

Tricholoma columbetta (Fr.) Kumm.

T. focale (Fr.) Ricken

Verpa bohemica (Krombh.) Boud.

V. conica Swartz.: Pers.

Volvariella bombycina (Schaeff.: Fr.) Sing.

Category 4: Edible fungi, bearing fruiting bodies annually and frequently, but not being collected on a large scale (unfamiliar or not so delicious)

Agrocybe cylindraceae (DC.: Fr.) Mre = A. aegerita (Briganti) Sing.

A. praecox (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.

Amanita vaginata (Bull.: Fr.) Roze

Boletus luridus Schaeff.: Fr.

B. piperatus Bull.: Fr.

Bovista nigrescens Pers.: Pers.

B. plumbea Pers.

Calvatia excipuliformis (Scop.: Pers.) Perdeck.

C. uutriformis (Bull.: Pers.) Jaap.

Cantharellus tubaeformis (Bull.): Fr.

Chroogomphus rutilus (Schaeff.: Fr.) O.K. Miller

Clitocybe gibba (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.

C. clavipes (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.

C. geotropa (Quel.) Quel.

C. odora (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm.

Collybia butyraceae (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm.

C. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm.

Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.: Fr.) Fr.

C. comatus (Mtll.: Pers.) Pers.

Gomphidius glutinosus (Schaeff.: Fr.) Fr.

Helvella crispa Fr.

H. lacunosa Afzelius: Fr.

Laccaria laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Beck. &r Br.

L. amethystea (Bull.) Murr. (L. amethystina Cke)

Lactarius mitissimus (Fr.) Fr.

Lepista flaccida (Sow.: Fr.) Pat.

L. sordida (Schum.: Fr.) Sing.

Lycoperdon perlatum Pers.: Pers.

Marasmius alliaceus (Jacq.: Fr.) Fr.

Megacollybia plathyphylla (Pers.: Fr.) Kotl. & r Pouz

Pluteus articapillus (Batsch.) Fayod.

Russula aeruginea Lindbl. in Fr.

R. cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr.

R. grisea Fr.

R. olivacea (Schaeff.) Pers.

Tricolomopsis rutilans (Schaeff.: Fr.) Sing

Vascellus pratense (Pers.: Pers.) Kreisel.

Xerocomus chrysenteron (Bull.) Quel.

X. rubellus (Krbh.) Mos.

Appendix 2. Best Known Poisonous Fungi in Bulgaria

1. Agaricus placomyces Peck.= A. meleagris J.Schff.
2. A. xanthodermus Genevier
3. Amanita muscaria (L.) Pers.
4. A. pantherina (DC.: Fr.) Krombh.
5. A. phaloides (Fr.) Link.
6. A. virosa (Fr.) Bertillon
7. A. vittadinii (Mor.) Vitt.
8. Boletus rhodopurpureus Smotl.
9. B. rhodoxanthus (Krbh.) Kallenb.
10. B. satanas Lenz.
11. Clitocybe phyllophila (Fr.) Kumm. = C. cerrusata (Fr.) Kumm.
12. C. dealbata (Sow.: Fr.) Kumm.
13. Cortinarius orellanus Fr.
14. Entoloma sinuatum (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm.
15. Galerina marginata (Batsch.) Kuhner
16. Gyromitra esculenta (Pers.) Fr.
17. Hebeloma sinapizans (Paulet: Fr.) Gill.
18. Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.: Fr.) Kumm.
19. Inocybe patouillardii Bres.
20. Lactarius torminosus (Schaeff.: Fr) Pers.
21. Lepiota cristata (Bolt.: Fr.) Kumm.
22. Omphalotus olearius (DC.: Fr.) Sing.
23. Ramaria formosa (Pers.: Fr.) Quel.
24. R. pallida (Schaeff. em. Bres.) Ricken. = R. mairei Donk
25. Russula emetica (Schaeff.) Pers.: Fr.
26. Scleroderma citrinum Pers. = S. aurantium (L.) Pers.
27. Tricholoma pardalotum Herink fr Kotl. = T. pardinum (Pers.) Quel.
28. T. virgatum (Fr.: Fr.) Kumm.

Appendix 3. Numbers of Macromycetes Published for the Floristic Regions of Bulgaria and the Main Publications (figures are approximate)

1. Black Sea coast (northern, southern): 548 taxa (Barsakov, 1929, 1930; Kreisel, 1959; Hinkova, 1961, 1963-1964; Kuthan and Kotlaba, 1981, 1988).
2. Northeastern Bulgaria: 291 taxa (Hinkova, 1962; Kuthan and Kotlaba, 1988).
3. Danube River plain: 5 taxa (Barsakov, 1929; Hinkova, 1968; Stoychev and Drumeva, 1984).
4. Balkan (Stara Planina) foothill region: 26 taxa (Barsakov, 1926a, 1926b; Kreisel, 1959; Drumeva, 1981; Kuthan and Kotlaba, 1988).
5. Stara Planina Mountains (eastern, central, western): 501 taxa (Hinkova and Drumeva, 1978; Stoychev and Drumeva, 1984, 1987).
6. Sofia region: 226 taxa (Petkov,1905-1906; Barsakov, 1926a, 1928, 1929, 1932, 1933; Hinkova, 1950, 1960; Hinkova and Draganov, 1963/1964; Drumeva et al., 1992)
7. Znepole region: 272 taxa; 254 taxa from Golo Bardo Mountain (Barsakov, 1929, 1930, 1932, 1936; Hinkova, 1955b, 1955c; Gyosheva, 1984, 1991a, 1991b)
8. Vitosha region: 887 taxa; 805 taxa from Vitosha Mountain (Barsakov, 1933; Hinkova, 1954, 1955a; Alexandrov, 1968, 1970, 1971; Gyosheva and Bogoev, 1985); 69 taxa from Lyulin mountain (Barsakov, 1926a, 1928, 1929; Hinkova, 1955b; Hinkova and Draganov, 1963-1964); 47 taxa from Plana Mountain (Alexandrov, 1969; Hinkova, 1961, 1963-1964; Hinkova and Stoychev, 1983; Drumeva et al., 1992)
9. Western border mountains: 4 taxa from Ograzden mountain (Hinkova and Stoychev, 1983)
10. Strouma River valley: 22 taxa (Hinkova, 1961; Hinkova and Stoychev, 1983; Drumeva et al., 1992)
11. Belasitsa Mountain: 16 taxa (Chalakov, 1982; Drumeva et al., 1992; Fakirova, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970a, 1970b)
12. Slavyanka mountain: 4 taxa (Fakirova, 1970; Chalakov, 1978, 1982)
13. Mesta River valley: 1 species (Hinkova and Stoychev, 1983)
14. Pirin Mountains: 360 taxa (Stoychev and Dimcheva, 1987; Dorfelf, 1987; Hinkova et al., 1990)
15. Rila Mountains: 580 taxa (Barsakov, 1926a, 1926c, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931; Hinkova, 1955, 1958a, 1958b; Rosnev and Stoychev, 1985; Dorfelf, 1987)
16. Sredna Gora Mountains: 334 taxa (Barsakov, 1926a, 1928, 1929; Hinkova, 1961, 1963-1964; Hinkova and Draganov, 1963-1964; Hinkova and Stoychev, 1983; Drumeva et al., 1992); 310 taxa from Lozenska Mountain in western Sredna Gora (Hinkova and Fakirova, 1970; Hinkova and Alexandrov, 1971)
17. Rhodope Mountains: 674 taxa (Barsakov, 1926a, 1926c, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1936, 1939a; Hinkova et all, 1979, 1981; Drumeva and Stoychev, 1980; Pilat, 1926, 1937; Reid and Vanev, 1984; Vanev and Reid, 1986)
18. Thracian Plain: 135 taxa (Klila, 1925-1926; Pilat, 1937; Stoychev, 1982; Stoychev and Drumeva, 1984, 1987)
19. Tundzha hilly region: 43 taxa (Drumeva and Stoychev, 1988; Kuthan and Kotlaba, 1988; Gyosheva and Drumeva, 1992)
20. Strandzha Mountain: 63 taxa (Barsakov, 1936; Hinkova, 1963-1964; Hinkova and Draganov, 1963-1964; Stoychev, 1979; Kuthan and Kot laba, 1988; Gyosheva and Drumeva, 1991)

Appendix 4. Rare Macromycetes Species of Bulgaria and Some Rare and Protected Species in Europe

1. Agaricus abruptibulbus Peck. Protected in Europe. Vitosha Mountain, Strandzha Mountain, Southern Black Sea coast.
2. A. altipes (Moell.) Moell. Rare species for Europe. Strandzha Mountain.
3. A. squamulifer (Moell.) Pil. Southern Black Sea coast, Thracian plain.
4. Albatreluus cristatus (Schaeff: Fr.) Kotl. fr Pouz. Protected in Europe. Rila Mountains.
5. A. pescarpae (Pers.: Fr.) Pouz. Rhodope Mountains.
6. Amanita battarrae Boud. Pirin Mountains.
7. A. porhyria Alb. fr Schw.: Fr. Vitosha Mountain.
8. A. strobilliformis (Paulet: Vitt.) Bertillon. Protected in Europe. Rila Mountains, Rhodope Mountains, Golo Bardo Mountain reserve "Ostritsa".
9. A. vittadinii (Mor.) Vitt. Rare species for Europe. Thracian plain.
10. Boletus lupinus Fr. Rare species for Europe. Golo Bardo Mountain.
11. B. rubinus W.G. Smith. Tundzha Hilly Region.
12. B. torosus Fr. in Fr. Hok. Rhodope Mountains, northeastern Bulgaria.
13. Cantharellus friesii Quel. Vitosha Mountain.
14. Catathelasma imperiale (Quel.) Sing. Rare species for Europe. Protected. Vitosha Mountain, Rhodope Mountains.
15. Clathrus archeri (Berk.) During. Rare species for Europe. Protected. Southern Black Sea coast.
16. C. ruber Pers. Protected. Black Sea coast, Strandzha Mountain.
17. Clavariadelphus pistillaris (L.) Donk. Protected. Vitosha Mountain, Rila Mountains, Loudogorie, Lozanska Mountain, Rhodope Mountains, Konyavska Mountain.
18. Clitopilus giovanellae (Bres.) Sing. Rare species for Europe. Ograzden and Strouma River valley.
19. Cortinarius praestans Cord. Gill. Rare species for Europe. Protected. Vitosha Mountain, Lozenska Mountain.
20. C. violaceus (L.) S.F. Gray Protected. Vitosha Mountain.
21. Creolophus cirratus Pers.: Fr. Karst. Vitosha Mountain, Rila Mountains, Rhodope Mountains, Black Sea coast, Eastern Stara Planina Mountains, Strandzha Mountain, northeastern Bulgaria, Danube River plain.
22. Crinipellis mauretanicus R. Rare Mediterranean species. Thracian plain.
23. Cyathus steroreus (Schw.) de Toni. Rare species for Europe. Slavyanka Mountain.
24. Elaphomyces granulatus Fr. Black Sea coast. Ropotamo National Park.
25. Elasmomyces mattirolianus Cav. Rare species for Europe. Rila Mountains.
26. Endoptychum agaricoides Czern. Rare species for Europe. Thracian plain.
27. Gestrum quadrifidum Pers.: Pers. Protected. Rila Mountains.
28. G. triplex Jungh. Vitosha Mountain, Black Sea coast, Ropotamo National Park.
29. Gomphus clavatus Pers.: Fr. S.F. Gray. Vitosha Mountain, Rila Mountains.
30. Grifola frondosa Deck.: Fr. S.F. Gray. Protected. Western Rhodope Mountains, Golo Bardo Mountain. Ostritsa Reserve.
31. Gyrodon lividus Bull.: Fr. Sacc. Northern Black Sea coast, Pirin Mountains.
32. Hericium coralloides Scop.: Fr. S.F. Gray. Protected. Thracian plain, northern Black Sea coast, Sredna Gora Mountains, Rila Mountain, eastern Stara Planina Mountains.
33. H. erinaceum Bull.: Fr. Pers. Western Stara Planina Mountains, Rhodope Mountains.
34. Hygrocybe murinacea Bull.: Fr. Mos. Rare species for Europe. Vitosha Mountain.
35. Hygrophorus arbustivus Fr. Fr. Black Sea coast, Rhodope Mountains.
36. Lactarius acerrimus Britz. Tundza Hilly Region, Strandzha Mountain.
37. L. spinosulus Quel. Rare species for Europe. Vitosha Mountain.
38. Lepista luscina Fr.: Fr. Sing. Rare species for Europe. Thracian plain.
39. Leucoagaricus macrorhizus (Loquin): Horak. Protected. Thracian plain.
40. Leucopaxillus compactus (Fr.) Neuhoff. Rare species for Europe. Rhodope Mountains, Strouma River valley.
41. Macrotyphula filiformis (Bull.: Fr.) Paechnatz. Protected. Vitosha Mountain, Pirin Mountains, northeastern Bulgaria, Sofia region.
42. M. fistulosa (Holmsk.: Fr.) R.H. Petersen. Protected. Rila Mountain, Lozenska Mountain, Rhodope Mountains, Stara Planina Mountains.
43. Melanogaster variegatus (Vitt.) Tul. Strandzha Mountain, Lozanska Mountain.
44. Melastiza chateri Boud. Rhodopes Mountains. Beglica Reserve.
45. Meripilus giganteus (Pers.: Fr.) Karst. Protected. Vitosha Mountain, Rila Mountains, Loudogorie, Thracian plain, Golo Bardo Mountain.
46. Mutinus caninus (Huds.: Pers.) Fr. Protected. Vitosha Mountain, Rila Mountains, Black Sea coast, Ropotamo National Park, Rhodope Mountains, Thracian plain.
47. Mycenastrum corium (Guersent in DC) Desv. Belasitsa Mountain, Sredna Gora Mountains, Lozenska Mountain, Thracian plain, Golo Bardo Mountain.
48. Otidea alutacea (Pers.) Mass. Rare species for Europe. Danube River plain.
49. Phallus habriani Vent.: Pers. Protected. Rila Mountains, Black Sea coast, Ropotamo National Park, Thracian plain, Stara Planina Mountains.
50. Phylloporus pelletieri (Lrv.) Quel. Pirin ̀ountain, Konyavska Mountain.
51. Pisolithus arhizos (Scop.: Pers.) S. Rauschert. Strouma River valley, Strandzha Mountain, Black Sea coast, Konyavska Mountain.
52. P. tinctorus (Mich.: Pers.) Cooker: Conch. Protected. Western Stara Planina Mountains, Thracian plain.
53. Pluteus phlebophorus (Ditmar: Fr.) Kumm. Rare species for Europe. Lozenska Mountain, central Stara Planina Mountains, Thracianplain.
54. Porphyrellus porphyrosporus (Fr.) Gilbert. Central Stara Planina Mountains, Pirin Mountains, Rila Mountains.
55. Pulveroboletus gentilis (Quel.) Sing. Protected. Black Sea coast, Ropotamo National Park, Lozenska Mountain.
56. P. lignicola (Kallenb.) Pil. Protected. Central Rhodope Mountains.
57. Russula solaris Ferdinandsen & Winge. Western Rhodope Mountains.
58. R. veternosa Fr. Vitosha Mountain, Stara Planina Mountains.
59. Sarcosphaera coronaria (Jacq.: Cooke) Boud. Protected. Western Rhodope Mountains, Golo Bardo Mountain, Kraishte.
60. Secotium agaricoides (Czern) Holl. Rare species for Europe. Eastern Rhodopes Mountains, Znepole region, Stara Planina Mountains, Lozenska Mountain.
61. Sparassis crispa (Wulf. in Jacq.): Fr. Protected. Rhodope Mountains.
62. Strobilomyces strobilaceus (Scop.: Fr.) Berk. Protected. Rila Mountains, Sredna Gora Mountains, Pirin Mountains.
63. Suillus sibiricus Sing. Rila Mountains, Pirin Mountains (Pinus peuce communities), Bayuvi Doupki Reserve.
64. Trichaster melanocephalus Czern. Western Stara Planina Mountains, Pirin Mountains, Lozenska Mountain.
65. Tuber aestivum Vitt. Protected. Belasitsa Mountain, Strouma River valley.

Appendix 5. Widely Distributed Macromycetes Species Playing an Important Role in the Functioning of Forest and Herbaceous Ecosystems of Bulgaria

1. Amanita excelsa (Fr.) Bertillon. A mycorrhizal fungus in spruce forests.
2. Auriscalpium vulgare S.F. Gray. A cone saprotroph in pine forests.
3. Calocera viscosa (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. A saprotroph on pine wood.
4. Clavulina cinerea (Bull.: Fr.) Schroet. A humus saprotroph in coniferous and deciduous forests.
5. Collybia peronata (Bolt.: Fr.) Kumm. A litter saprotroph in deciduous and coniferous forests.
6. Coltricia perennis (L.) Murr. A saprotroph on buried wood in coniferous, mostly pine, forests, on sandy soil.
7. Cortinarius trivialis Lge. A mycorrhizal fungus in deciduous forests (oak, hornbeam, alder, willow, and other).
8. Crepidotus mollis (Schaeff.: Fr.) Kumm. A wood saprotroph (on twigs in the litter) in deciduous forests.
9. Cystoderma amianthinum (Scop.: Fr.) Fayod. A humus and litter saprotroph among mosses in coniferous forests.
10. Cystoderma carcharias (Pers.) Fayod. A litter saprotroph in coniferous forests.
11. Dermocybe cinnamomea (L.) Wunsche. A mycorrhizal fungus in coniferous forests and under birch.
12. Entoloma leptopum Noordel. (= E.mammosum (L.) Hesler s. Mos.) A humus saprotroph in coniferous forests.
13. Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. A dangerous parasite on deciduous trees - beech, birch, and others - in older deciduous forests.
14. Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) Karst. A dangerous parasite on conferous trees, mainly P. sylvestris.
15. Ganoderma lipsiense (Batsh) Atk. (= G. applanatum (Pers.) Pat.) A parasite and a saprotroph on deciduous wood (beech, oak, and others).
16. Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) Karst. A dangerous parasite on the roots of deciduous trees, mainly oaks.
17. Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.) Quel. A mycorrhizal fungus in open deciduous and mixed forests (oak, birch, hornbeam, bushes and other).
18. Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. A dangerous parasite on the roots of coniferous trees, causing serious economic damage in the forests.
19. Hugrocybe conica (Scop.: Fr.) Kumm. A humus saprotroph in mesophilic herbaceous communities.
20. Hygrophorus agathosmus (Fr.) Fr. A mycorrhizal fungus in coniferous (spruce, pine, and other) forests.
21. Hygrophorus eburneus (Bull.: Fr.) Fr. A mycorrhizal fungus in deciduous forests (beech, oak, horn-beam, and others).
22. Hygrophorus hypothejus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. A mycorrhizal fungus in coniferous, mainly pine, forests.
23. Hypholoma capnoides (Fr.: Fr.) Kumm. A saprotroph or parasite on coniferous wood.
24. Inocybe geophylla (Sow.: Fr.) Kumm. A mycorrhizal fungus in coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forests.
25. Lactarius controversus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. A mycorrhizal fungus in deciduous forests (birch, willow, horn-beam, oak, and others).
26. Lactarius vellereus (Fr.) Fr. A mycorrhizal fungus in various deciduous forests.
27. Lycoperdom pyriforme Schaeff.: Pers. A wood saprotroph in deciduous and coniferous forests.
28. Lyophyllum connatum (Schum.: Fr.) Sing. A humus saprotroph in coniferous forests and herbaceous communities, frequently in ruderal habitats
29. Marasmius androsaceus (L.) Fr. A saprotroph on wood and in the litter of deciduous and coniferous forests; a very strong destructor of lignin.
30. Melanoleuca melaleuca (Pers.: Fr.) Murr. A humus saprotroph in forests and herbaceous communities.
31. Mycena alcalina (Fr.: Fr.) Kumm. A saprotroph on coniferous wood.
32. Mycena cinerella Karst. A leaf debris and a litter saprotroph in coniferous forests.
33. Mycena crocata (Schrad.: Fr.) Kumm. A leaf debris and litter saprotroph in beech forests.
34. Mycena epipterygia (Scop.: Fr.) S.F. Gray. A leaf debris and litter saprotroph in coniferous and deciduous forests, and in herbaceous communities, frequently amid mosses.
35. Mycena galericulata (Scop.: Fr.) Quel. A wood saprotroph in deciduous forests.
36. Mycena polygramma (Bull.: Fr.) S.F. Gray. A saprotroph on buried wood in deciduous and coniferous forests.
37. Mycena pura (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm. A litter saprotroph in deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests.
38. Mycena rosella (Fr.) Kumm. A leaf debris and litter saprotroph in coniferous forests.
39. Mycena vulgaris (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm. A leaf debris and litter saprotroph in coniferous forests.
40. Phallus impudicus L.: Pers. A mycorrhizal fungus (a humus saprotroph) in mesophilic deciduous forests (beech, hornbeam, oak, and others).
41. Phellinus ingiarius (L.) Quel. A dangerous parasite in deciduous forests and parks, especially on willow.
42. Pholiota squarrosa (Mtll.: Fr.) Kumm. A parasite and saprotroph on coniferous and deciduous wood.
43. Pluteus atromarginatus (Sing.) Kthner. A saprotroph on buried wood in deciduous forests.
44. Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.: Fr.) Karst. A parasite on birch trees.
45. Polyporus brumalis (Pers.): Fr. A wood saprotroph (small twigs in the leaf debris) in deciduous forests.
46. Polyporus varius (Pers.): Fr. A wood saprotroph (small twigs in the leaf debris) in deciduous forests.
47. Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.: Fr.) Mre. A saprotroph on buried wood in deciduous forests and on bushes.
48. Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.: Fr.) Karst. A wood saprotroph in deciduous forests (beech, birch, oak, and others).
49. Rickenella fibula (Bull.: Fr.) Raith. A briotroph. Found among mosses in coniferous forests and in the alpine zone.
50. Russula delica Fr. A mycorrhizal fungus in deciduous and coniferous forests. Frequently in ruderal habitats.
51. Russula foetens Pers.(: Fr.) A mycorrhizal fungus in deciduous and coniferous forests.
52. Russula ochroleuca Pers. A mycorrhizal fungus in deciduous and coniferous forests.
53. Russula queletii Fr. in Quel. A mycorrhizal fungus in mountainous coniferous forests (spruce and pine).
54. Russula rosea Pers. (= R. lepida Fr.) A mycorrhizal fungus in deciduous forests, mainly under beech.
55. Russula sanguinea Fr. A mycorrhizal fungus in mountainous coniferous forests (pine, spruce, draft pine, and others).
56. Schyzophyllum commune Fr.: Fr. A saprotroph on deciduous wood.
57. Stereum hirsutum (Willd.: Fr.) Pers. A saprotroph on deciduous wood.
58. Strobilurus escuientus (Wulf.: Fr.) Sing. A cone saprotroph in spruce forests. Forms aspect in early spring.
59. Strobilurus stephanocystis (Hora) Sing. A cone saprotroph in pine forests. Forms fruit bodies in early spring.
60. Strobilurus tenacellus (Pers.: Fr.) Sing. A cone saprotroph in coniferous forests, mainly pine. Forms aspect in early spring.
61. Stropharia aeruginosa (Curtis: Fr.) Quel. A wood and litter saprotroph in deciduous and coniferous forests. Ruderal species.
62. Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch.: Fr.) Quel. A coprotroph on excrements on meadows and pastures, including those in the alpine zone.
63. Trametes hirsuta (Wulf.: Fr.) Pil. A saprotroph on deciduous wood (beech, hornbeam, and others).
64. Trametes versicolor (L.) Pil. A saprotroph on deciduous wood.
65. Tricholoma saponaceum (Fr.) Kumm. A mycorrhizal fungus in deciduous and coniferous forests.
66. Tricholoma vaccinum (Pers.: Fr.) Kummer. A mycorrhizal fungus in spruce forests in the mountains.
67. Xerula radicata (Relh.: Fr.) Dorfelt. A humus saprotroph and a saprotroph on buried wood in deciduous forests (beech, hornbeam, oak, and others)

Appendix 6. Most Widespread and Characteristic Edible Fungi in the Main Ecosystems of Bulgaria

I. Coniferous forest ecosystems

1. Communities of Picea abies: Agaricus silvaticus, Amanita rubescens, Armillaria mellea, Boletus edulis, B. erythropus, Cantharellus cibarius, Hydnum repandum, Lactarius deliciosus, Ramaria flava, Sarcodon imbricatum and Tricholoma imbricatum.
2. 2.Communities of Pinus sylvestris and P. nigra: Agaricus silvaticus, Boletus pinophilus, Cantharellus cibarius, Gyroporus castaneus, Lactarius deliciosus, Lepista nuda, Suillus granulatus, S. luteus, Tricholoma flavovirens, T. portentosum, T. terreum.

II. Deciduous forest ecosystems

1. Communities of Fagus sylvatica: Amanita rubescens, Clitopilus prunulus, Gyroporus castaneus, Lactarius piperatus, L. volemus, Lepista nuda, Macrolepiota procera, M. rachodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus squamosus, Russula virescens.
2. Oak communities: Amanita caesarea, Armillaria mellea, Boletus edulis, B. erythropus, Cantharellus cibarius, Flammulina velutipes, Gyroporus castaneus, Hydnum repandum, Lactarius volemus, Lepista nebularis, L. nuda, Russula cyanoxantha, R. vesca, R. virescens.
3. Mixed deciduous communities: Amanita rubescens, Clitopilus prunulus, Entoloma clypeatum, Lactarius volemus, Leccinum scabrum, Lepista nebularis, L. nuda, Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus squamosus, Russula cyanoxantha, R. vesca.
4. Birch plantations: Clitopilus prunulus, Leccinum rufum.

III. Herbaceous ecosystems

1. Agaricus arvensis, A. campestris, Calocybe gambosa, Camarophyllus pratensis, Clitopilus prunulus, Langermannia gigantea, Lepista nuda, Macrolepiota excoriata, Marasmius oreades.

Appendix 7. Rare Macromycetes Species Published for the Reserves of Bulgaria (rare species are marked with an asterisk).

I. Ardashlak Reserve. Stara Planina Mountains.

1. 1. * Clavicorona pyxidata (Fr.) Doty. (= Clavaria pyxidata Fr.)
2. * Leccinium duriusculum (S. Schulzer in Fr.) Sing.

II. Arkutino Reserve. Southern Black Sea coast.

1. Pluteus leoninus (Schaeff.: Fr.) Kumm.

III. Bayuvi Dupki Reserve. Pirin Mountains.

1. Amanita vaginata (Bull.: Fr.) Vitt.
2. Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr.
3. B. pinophilus Pil. &r Dermek
4. B. piperatus Bull.: Fr.
5. Cantharellus cibarius Fr.
6. Chroogomphus rutilus (Schaeff.: Fr.) O.K. Miller
7. Clitocybe clavipes (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.
8. Collybia butyracea (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm.
9. Dermocybe crocea (Schaeff.) Mos.
10. Gyroporus cyanescens (Bull.: Fr.) Quel.
11. Hydnum repandum L.
12. Hygrophorus agathosmus (Fr.) Fr.
13. H. eburneus (Bull.: Fr.) Fr.
14. Hypholoma capnoides (Fr.: Fr.) Kumm.
15. H. sublateritium (Fr.) Quel.
16. Lactarius blennius (Fr.) Fr.
17. L. mitissimus (Fr.) Fr.
18. Marasmius alliaceus (Jacq.: Fr.) Fr.
19. Mycena crocata (Schrad.: Fr.) Kumm.
20. M. gelericulata (Scop.: Fr.) Quel.
21. M. pura (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.
22. Ramatia formosa (Pers.: Fr.) Quel.
23. Rhizopogon roseolus (Fr.: Fr.) Th.M. Fries
24. Russula aurea Pers.
25. R. cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr.
26. R. delica Fr. emend. Bres.
27. R. foetens Pers.(: Fr.)
28. R. integra (L.: Fr.) Fr.
29. R. paludosa Britz.
30. Strobilurus esculentus (Wulf.: Fr.) Sing.
31. S. stephanocystis (Hora) Sing.
32. Stropharia aeruginosa (Curtis: Fr.) Quel.
33. *Suillus sibiricus Sing.
34. Tricholoma saponaceum (Fr.) Kumm.
35. Tricholompsis rutilans (Schaeff.: Fr.) Sing.
36. Xerocomus chrysenteron (Bull.) Quel.
37. X. spadiceus (Fr.) Quel.
38. Xeromphalia campanella (Batsch: Fr.) Mre
39. Xerula radicata (Relh.: Fr.) Dorfelt.

IV. Beglika Reserve. Rhodope Mountains.

1. Agaricus excellens (Moell.) Moell.
2. Alnicola cerodes Fr.
3. Amylostereum laevigatum (Fr.) Boid.
4. Antrodia sinuosa (Fr.) Karst.
5. Boletus piperatus Bull.: Fr.
6. Camarophyllus niveus (Scop.: Fr.) Karst.
7. Cenangium ferrugineum Fr.: Fr.
8. Clitocybe clavipes (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.
9. C. dealbata (Sow.: Fr.) Kumm.
10. C. fragrans (With.: Fr.) Kumm.
11. C. gibba (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.
12. * C. rufoalutacea Metrod.
13. C. vibecina (Fr.) Quel.
14. Collybia butyracea (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm.
15. C. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm.
16. Cortinarius aereus R. Hry.
17. * C. anomalus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr.
18. * C. caesiocanescens Mos.
19. C. glaucopus (Schaeff.: Fr.) Fr.
20. C. hinnuleus (Sow.) Fr.
21. * C. lilacinopes Britz.
22. * C. penicillatus Fr.
23. Cudonia circinans (Pers.) Fr.
24. Cystoderma amiantinum (Scop.: Fr.) Fayod.
25. C. carcharias (Pers.) Fayod.
26. C. granulosum (Batsch.: Fr.) Fayod.
27. Dermocybe crocea (Schaeff.) Mos.
28. * Erythricium hypnophilum (Kars.) J. Erikss.
29. Galerina marginata (Batsch.) Kuthner.
30. Gomphidius glutinosus (Schaeff.: Fr.) Fr.
31. Hygrocybe punicea (Fr.) Kumm.
32. Hygrophorus agathosmus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr.
33. * H. langei (Kthn.) Pearson.
34. Hypholoma radicosum Lge.
35. *Inocybe abietis Kthn.
36. I. brunnea Quel.
37. *I. malenconi Heim.
38. Lactarius mitissimus (Fr.) Fr.
39. L. zonarioides Kuthner &r Romagn.
40. Lamproderma carestiae (Ces. &r De Not).
41. Lyophyllum connatum (Schum.: Fr.) Sing.
42. Marasmius androsaceus (L.) Fr.
43. *Melanoleuca strictipes (Karst.) Murr. (= M. evenosa (Sacc.) Konr. &r Maubl.; = M. subalpina (Britz.) Bresinsky &r Stangl.)
44. *Melastiza chateri Boud. 4
45. Nyctalis asterophora Fr.
46. Omphalina pyxidata (Bull.: Fr.) Quel.
47. O. umbratilis (Fr.) Quel.
48. Otidea auricula (Schff.) Rehm.
49. *Peziza irina Quel.
50. Pholiota flammans (Fr.) Kumm.
51. Physarum bitectum G. Lister.
52. Pluteus atromarginatus (Sing.) Kuhner.
53. Russula albonigra (Krbh.) Fr.
54. R. lutea (Huds.: Fr.) S.F. Gray.
55. R. nauseosa (Pers.) Fr.
56. R. queletii Fr. in Quel.
57. R. rosea Pers.
58. R. turci Bres.
59. R. velenovskyi Melz. &r Zv.
60. Sculellinia umbrorum (Fr.) Kuntze.
61. Stropharia melasperma (Bull.: Fr.) Quel.
62. Tricholoma imbricatum (Fr.: Fr.) Kumm.
63. *Tricholomopsis decora (Fr.) Sing.
64. *Tubaria minutalis Romagn.

V. Bistrishko Branishte Reserve. Vitosha Mountain.

1. * Cheilymenia stercorea (Pers.) Boud.
2. * Gomphidium maculatus Fr.
3. Hirneola auriculajudae (Bull.: Fr.) Berk.
4. Leptoglossum muscigenus (Bull.: Fr.) Karst.
5. Mycena sanguinolenta (Alb. Schw.: Fr.) Kumm.
6. *Pseudoplectania nigrella (Pers.: Fr.) Fuckel.
7. *Trichoglossum hirsutum (Pers.: Fr.) Boud.

VI. Karakouz Reserve. Northeastern Bulgaria.

1. Amanita citrina (Schaeff.) Pers.
2. A. pantherina (DC: Fr.) Krombh.
3. A. rubescens Pers.: Fr.
4. A. vaginata (Bull.: Fr.) Vitt.
5. Armillaria mellea (Vahl.: Fr.) Kumm.
6. Auricularia mesenterica (Dickson: Fr.) Pers.
7. Bolbitius vitellinus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr.
8. Boletus luridus Schaeff.: Fr.
9. B. pulverulentus Opat.
10. B. queletii S. Schulzer
11. Calocybe gambosa (Fr.) Sing.
12. Cantharellus cibarius Fr.
13. C. cinereus Fr.: Pers.
14. Chlorosplendium aeruginosum (Oeder: S.F. Gray de Notarius)
15. Clavaria fragilis Holmsk.: Fr.
16. C. inaequalis Mtll. Fr. emend. R.H. Petersen
17. C. maxima (Schaeff.) Morg.
18. * Clavariadelphus pistillaris (L.) Donk.
19. Clavulina amethystina (Bull.: Fr.) Donk.
20. C. cinerea (Bull.: Fr.) Schroet.
21. C. coralloides (L.) Schroet.
22. Clitocybe gibba (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.
23. Collybia butyracea (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm.
24. C. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm.
25. C. peronata (Bolt.: Fr.) Kumm.
26. Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.: Fr.) Fr.
27. C. picaceus (Bull.: Fr.) S.F. Gray.
28. Cortinarius collinitus (Sow.: Fr.) Fr.
29. Coprinus disseminatus (Pers.: Fr.) S.F. Gray.
30. Coryne sarcoides (Jacq.: Fr.) Tul.
31. Craterellus cornicopioides (L.) Pers.
32. * C. konradi R. Mair.
33. Crepidotus mollis (Schaeff.: Fr.) Kumm.
34. Cyathus striatus (Huds.) Willd.: Pers.
35. Disiotis venosa (Pers.) Boud.
36. Exidia glandulosa (Bull.) Fr.
37. Flammulina velutipes (Curt.: Fr.) Karst.
38. Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr.
39. Geastrum fimbriatum Fr.
40. G. smardae V.J. Stanek
41. Gyromitra infula (Schff.) Fr.
42. Helvella sulcata Afz.: Fr.
43. Humaria hemisphaerica (Wiggers.: Fr.) Fuckel.
44. Hydnum repandum L.
45. Hygrocybe psittacina (Schaeff.: Fr.) Wunsche
46. Hygrophorus chrysodon (Batsch.: Fr.) Fr.
47. Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.: Fr.) Kumm.
48. H. sublateritium (Fr.) Quel.
49. Inocybe geophlla (Sow.: Fr.) Kumm.
50. Lachnea livida (Shum.) Gill.
51. Lactarius glaucescens (Crossland) Pearson
52. L. insulsus (Fr.) Fr.
53. L. piperatus (L.: Fr.) Pers.
54. L. pyrogalus (Bull.: Fr.) Fr.
55. L. serifluus (DC.: Fr.) Fr.
56. L. vellereus (Fr.) Fr.
57. L. volemus (Fr.) Fr.
58. Leccinium griseum (Quel.) Sing.
59. Lentinus cyathiformis (Fr.) Bres.
60. Lenzites betulinus (L.) Fr.
61. Lepiota atra (Konig: Fr.) Boud.
62. Lepista nuda (Bull.: Fr.) Cke
63. *Leptopodia elastica (Bull.) Boud.
64. Leucoagaricus pudicus Bull.
65. Macrolepiota rachodes (Vitt.) Sing.
66. Marasmius rotula (Scop.: Fr.) Fr.
67. *Meripilus giganteus (Pers.: Fr.) Karst.
68. Merulius tremellosus Schrad.: Fr.
69. Morchella esculenta Pers., ex St. Amans.
70. Mycena meliigena (Berk. &r Curt, in Cke.)
71. M. galericulata (Scop.: Fr.) Quel.
72. M. pura (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.
73. Otidea cochleata (L. in St. Amans.) Fuckel.
74. Peziza badia Pers.: Fr.
75. Phaeolus schweinizii (Fr.) Pat.
76. P. rutilus (Pers.) Pat.
77. Phallus impudicus L.: Pers.
78. Pluteus atricapillis (Secr.) Sing.
79. P. leoninus (Schaeff.: Fr.) Kumm.
80. P. nanus (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.
81. Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.: Fr.) Mre.
82. Ramaria condensata (Fr.) Quel.
83. R. flaccida (Fr.) Bourd.
84. Ramariopsis corniculata (Schaeff.: Fr.) R.H. Petersen.
85. Russula adusta Fr.
86. R. cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr.
87. R. delica Fr.
88. R. emetica (Schaeff.) Pers.: Fr.
89. R. foetens Pers.: Fr.
90. R. lutea (Huds.: Fr.) S.F. Gray.
91. R. melliolens Quel.
92. R. virescens (Schaeff. emend Pers.)
93. Sarcoscypha coccinea (Fr.) Lambotte
94. Schizophyllum commune Fr.: Fr.
95. Scleroderma citrinum Pers.
96. Stereum hirsutum (Willd.: Fr.) Pers.
97. Trametes gibbosa (Pers.: Fr.) Fr.
98. Tremella mesenterica Retz.: Fr.
99. Tricholoma columbetta (Fr.) Kumm.
100. T. scalpturatum (Fr.) Quel.
101. Tubaria furfuracea (Pers.: Fr.) Gill.
102. Urnula craterium (Schw.) Fr.
103. Xerocomus chrysenteron (Bull.) Quel.
104. X. subtomentosus (L.) Quel.
105. Xerula radicata (Relh.: Fr.) Dorfelt.
106. Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.: Merat) Dumortier.

VII. Ostritsa Reserve. Golo Bardo Mountain.

1. Agaricus campestris L.
2. * Alnicola bohemica (Vel.) Sing.
3. Amanita pantherina (DC: Fr.) Krombh.
4. A. phalloides (Fr.) Link.
5. A. rubescens Pers.: Fr.
6. * A. strobiliformis (Paulet ex Vitt.) Bert.
7. A. vaginata (Bull.: Fr.) Vitt.
8. Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr.
9. B. fechtneri Vel.
10. B. luridus Schaeff.: Fr.
11. Bovista plumbea Pers.
12. Calocera cornea (Batsch.: Fr.) Fr.
13. Calocybe gambosa (Fr.) Sing.
14. Calvatia utriformis (Bull.) Jaap.
15. Cantharellus cibarius Fr.
16. Clitocybe gibba (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.
17. C. odora (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm.
18. C. tornata (Fr.) Kumm.
19. Clitopilus prunulus (Scop.: Fr.) Kumm.
20. Collybia dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm.
21. C. fusipes (Bull.: Fr.) Quel.
22. C. obscura Favre
23. C. peronata (Bolt.: Fr.) Kumm.
24. Coprinus micaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Fr.
25. C. picaceus (Bull.: Fr.) S.F. Gray
26. * Cortinarius amoenolens R. Hry ex Orton
27. * C. auroturbinatus (Secr.) Lge
28. C. cotoneus Fr.
29. * C. crocolitus Quel.
30. Craterellus cornicopioides (L.) Pers.
31. Crepidotus variabilis (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.
32. * Entoloma porphyrophaem (Fr.) Karst.
33. Flammulina velutipes (Curt.: Fr.) Karst.
34. Geastrum fimbriatum Fr.
35. * Grifola frondosa (Dick.: Fr.) S.F. Gray
36. Hebeloma sinapizans (Paulet: Fr.) Gill.
37. Hygrocybe conica (Scop.: Fr.) Kumm.
38. Hygrophorus eburneus (Bull.: Fr.) Fr.
39. Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.: Fr.) Kumm.
40. Inocybe asterospora Quel.
41. * I. cervicolor (Pers.) Quel.
42. * I. godely Gill.
43. I. incarnata (Pers.: Fr.) Bres.
44. I. patouillardii Bres.
45. Laccaria laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Berk. &r Br.
46. L. tortilis (Bolt) Cke
47. Lactarius piperatus (L.: Fr.) Fr.
48. L. subdulcis (Bull.: Fr.) S.F. Gray
49. L. volemus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr.
50. L. zonarius (Bull.: Fr.) Fr.
51. Leccinium griseum (Quel.)
52. Lepiota oreadiformis Vel.
53. Lycoperdon perlatum Pers.: Pers.
54. L. pussilum Pers.
55. Macrolepiota excoriata (Schaeff.: Fr.) Kumm.
56. M. procera (Scop.: Fr.) Sing.
57. Marasmiellus ramealis (Bull.: Fr.) Sing.
58. Marasmius androsaceus (L.: Fr.) Fr.
59. M. epiphyllus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr.
60. M. oreades (Bolt.: Fr.) Fr.
61. M. rotula (Scop.: Fr.) Fr.
62. Megacollybia platyphylla (Pers.: Fr.) Kotl. ex Pouz.
63. Mycena epipterigia (Scop.: Fr.) S.F. Gray.
64. M. galericulata (Scop.: Fr.) Quel.
65. M. pelianthina (Fr.) Quel.
66. M. polygramma (Bull.: Fr.) S.F. Gray
67. M. pura (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.
68. Phallus impudicus L.: Pers.
69. Pleurotus eryngii (DC.: Fr.) Quel.
70. Polyporus brumalis (Pers.: Fr.) Fr.
71. P. tuberaster (Pers.: Fr.)
72. P. varius (Pers.: Fr.)
73. Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.: Fr.) Mre
74. Ramaria formosa (Pers.: Fr.) Quel.
75. Russula aurea Pers.
76. R. cyanoxantha Schaeff.: Fr.
77. R. maculata Quel. in Quel. &r Rose
78. R. rosea Pers.
79. Schizophyllum commune Fr.: Fr.
80. Schizopora paradoxa (Schrad.: Fr.) Donk.
81. Stereum hirsutum (Willd.: Fr.) Prts.
82. Tephrocybe rancida (Fr.) Donk.
83. Trametes hirsuta (Wilf.: Fr.) Pil.
84. T. versicolor (L.) Pil.
85. Tremella mesenterica Petz.: Fr.
86. Tubaria furturaceae (Pers.: Fr.) Gill.
87. Vascellum pratense Pers.: Pers.
88. Xerula radicata (Kelh.: Fr.) Dorfelt.

VIII. Parangalitsa Reserve. Rila Mountains.

1. * Amylocystis lapponicus (Rom.) Sing.
2. Antrodia serialis (Fr.) Donk.
3. A. sinuosa (Fr.) Karst.
4. A. xantha (Fr.) Kyv.
5. Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.: Fr.) Karst.
6. Calocera viscosa (Pers.: Fr.) Fr.
7. Clavulina rugosa (Bull.: Fr.) Schroet.
8. Coniophora puteana (Schum.: Fr.) Karst.
9. Dentipellis fragilis (Pers.: Fr.) Donk.
10. Exidia plana (Wiggers) Donk.
11. Fomes fomentarius (L.: Fr.) Fr.
12. Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) Karst.
13. F. rosea (Alb. &r Schw.: Fr.) Karst.
14. Ganoderma lipsiense (Batsch.) Atk.
15. Gloeophyllum abietinum (Bull.: Fr.) Karst.
16. G. odoratum (Wulf.: Fr.) Imazeki.
17. G. sepiarium (Wulf.: Fr.) Karst.
18. G. trabeum (Pers.: Fr.) Murr.
19. * Guepinia helvelloides DC.: Fr.
20. Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.
21. Hymenochaete cruenta (Pers.: Fr.) Donk.
22. Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.: Fr.) Kumm.
23. H. sublateritium (Fr.) Quel.
24. Ischnoderma benzoinum (Wahlenb.) Karst.
25. Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.: Fr.) Sing. &rA.H. Smith.
26. Megacollybia platyphylla (Pers.: Fr.) Kotl. &r Pouz.
27. Meruliopsis taxicola (Pers.) Bond. in armasto
28. Merulius tremellosus Schrad.: Fr.
29. Mycena haematopoda (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.
30. M. laevigata (Lasch.) Quel.
31. Onnia tomentosa (Fr.) Karst.
32. Osmoporus odoratus (Fr.) Sing.
33. Panellus mitis (Pers.: Fr.) Sing.
34. Paxillus atromentosus (Batsch.: Fr.) Fr.
35. P. panuoides (Fr.: Fr.) Fr.
36. Phaeolepiota aurea (Mattuschka: Fr.) Mre ex Konr. &r Maubl.
37. Phaeolus schweinizii (Fr.) Pat.
38. Phellinus hartigii (All. &r Schnabl.) Pat.
39. *P. nigrolimitatus (Rom.) Bourd. et Galz.
40. Phleogena faginea (Fr.: Fr.) Link
41. Pholiota flammans (Fr.) Kumm.
42. P. squarrosa (Mtll.: Fr.) Kumm.
43. Phyllotopsis nidulans (Pers.: Fr.) Sing.
44. Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel.
45. Pluteus atromarginatus (Sing.) Kuthner
46. Polyporus ciliatus Fr.: Fr.
47. Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.: Fr.) Karst.
48. Rigidoporus sanguinolentus (A. et S.: Fr.) Donk.
49. Sceletocutis amorpha (Fr.) Kotl. et Pouz.
50. Spongiporus caesius (Schrad.: Fr.) David.
51. S. stypticus (Pers.: Fr.) David.
52. Stereum hirsutum (Willd.: Fr.) Pers.
53. S. sanguinolentus (Alb. &r Schw.: Fr.) Fr.
54. Trametes hirsata (Wulf.: Fr.) Pil.
55. Trichaptum abietinum (Pers. in J.F. Cmelin.: Fr.) Ryv.
56. T. hollii (J.C. Schmidt.: Fr.) Kreisel.
57. Tricholomopsis rutilans (Schaeff.: Fr.) Kumm.
58. Tyromyces ptychogaster (Ludwig.) Donk.

IX. Silkosiya Reserve. Strandzha Mountain.

1. Clitopilus rhodophyllus (Bres.) Sing.
2. * Hericium coralloides (Scop.: Fr.) S.F. Gray
3. *Ramaria stricta (Pers.: Fr.) Quel.
4. Trametes versicolor (L.) Pil.

X. Shabanitsa Reserve. Rhodope Mountains.

1. Agaricus silvicola (Vitt.) Sacc.
2. Albatrellus confluens (Alb. & Schw.: Fr.) Kotl &r Pouz.
3. * A. cristatus (Schaeff.: Fr.) Kotl. &r Pouz.
4. A. ovinus (Schaeff.: Fr.) Korl. &r Pouz.
5. Amanita aspera (Fr.) S.F. Gray
6. A.excelsa (Fr.) Bertillon.
7. A. rubescens Pers.: Fr.
8. A. vaginata (Bull.: Fr.) Vitt.
9. Armillaria mellea (Vohl.: Fr.) Kumm.
10. Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr.
11. Camarophyllus niveus (Scop.: Fr.) Karst.
12. Cantharellus cibarius Fr.
13. * Catathelasma imperiale (Quel.) Sing.
14. Clitocybe gibba (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm.
15. Coltricia perennis (L.) Murr.
16. Cortinarius glaucopus (Schaeff.: Fr.) Fr.
17. C. hinnuleus (Sow.) Fr.
18. C. variecolor (Pers.: Fr.) Fr.
19. Dermocybe crocea (Schaeff.) Mos.
20. Gomphidius glutinosus (Schaeff.: Fr.) Fr.
21. Hydnellum suaveolens (Scop.: Fr.) Karst.
22. Hygrocybe punicea (Fr.) Kumm.
23. *Hygrophorus nemoreus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr.
24. Hypholoma capnoides (Fr.: Fr.) Kumm.
25. Lactarius deliciosus (L.) S.F. Gray
26. L. scrobiculatus (Scop.: Fr.) Fr.
27. Leccinum rufum (Schaeff.) Kreisel.
28. Lepiota clypeolaria (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm.
29. Lepista nebularis (Batsch.: Fr.) Harmaja
30. Lycoperdon perlatum Pers.: Pers.
31. Macrolepiota rachodes (Vitt.) Sing.
32. Phellodon tomentosus (L.) Banker
33. Pholiota squarrosa (Mtll.: Fr.) Kumm.
34. Ramaria aurea (Schaeff.) Quel.
35. R. flava (Schaeff.: Fr.) Quel.
36. *Rhodopyllus hebes Romagn.
37. Russula adusta Fr.
38. R. delica Fr. emend. Bres.
39. R. densifolia Gill.
40. R. foetens Pers.: Fr.
41. R. lutea (Huds.: Fr.) S.F. Gray
42. R. olivacea (Schaeff.) Pers.
43. Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) Karst.
44. Tricholoma flavovirens (Pers.: Fr.) Lundell.
45. T. portentosum (Fr.) Quel.
46. T. saponaceum (Fr.) Kumm

XI. Sherba reserve. Northern Black Sea coast

1. Entoloma rhodopolim (Fr.: Fr.) Kumm.

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