Biological Diversity of the Black Sea Zoobenthos and Zooplankton

Asen Konsulov and Tsenka Konsulova

Introduction

The Black Sea is a unique body of water. Its narrow connection with the world's oceans through the Bosphorus and its thermal and density-related stratification, which for most of the year account for a quasi-homogeneous structure of the water mass, produce unique ecological conditions. These special conditions explain, to a large degree, the increasing level of interest in its biota and its characteristic diversity.

The hydrological and hydrochemical peculiarities of the Black Sea, together with its restricted vertical water interchange, allow poisonous hydrogen sulphide gas to form and persist beneath the 150-meter isobath. Consequently, most of the flora and fauna occupy only the uppermost 130-140 meters of the water mass, or 13% of the volume of the whole sea. And among its other peculiarities, the Black Sea ranks first among the world's threatened water basins.

The large high-water rivers that flow into the Black Sea carry enormous quantities of eutrophicants, such as nitrogen and phosphorous compounds (as well as other point and non-point source pollutants) at certain times of the year, stimulating vigorous growth of phytoplankton and zooplankton. This in turn causes so-called secondary eutrophication within the water mass. Because phyto- and zooplankton are organisms with short life cycles and an ability to reproduce rapidly, it is not uncommon for their remains to accumulate in considerable quantities. Falling to the sea bottom or remaining within the thermal layer, this detritus consumes oxygen as it decays, preventing both vegetation and pelagic or benthic sea fauna from developing.

Section I: Zooplankton

As an ecological category zooplankton comprise that portion of the planktonic fauna which constantly or temporarily inhabit the whole water mass or part of it. Because the zooplankton act as important links in the complex trophic chains of pelagic biocenoses, they have for a long time been the subject of considerable research.

Systematics and Ecology

Zooplankton in the Black Sea along the Bulgarian coast include representatives of the following types: Protozoa, Coelenterata, Nemathelminthes, Annelides, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chaetognata, and Chordata. Knowledge of the species diversity within each of these basic systematic groups has been acquired mainly since 1952. In the years up until 1969, all zooplankton typical for the Bulgarian coastal waters were identified and described, except for the class Infusoria (Russev et al., 1959; Dimoff, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1966). A list of the zooplankton characteristic of this area, again excepting Infusoria, was compiled by Konsulov (1976). In 1990, a full list of the zooplankton, including Infusoria, was published (Konsulov, 1991) (See Appendix 1, Section I).

The species composition, quantitative growth, biomass, and production of zooplankton play important functions in the process of energy transfer between the sea surface and bottom. The different states under which energy exchange manifests itself depend upon the character of the biotic and abiotic influences. These factors are extremely variable in the waters of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, due to the shallowness of water mass along much of the coast. This is why incidental changes within the hydrological regime of the Bulgarian waters can cause development deviations in whole groups of organisms and partial or complete changes in species composition. For the same reasons, eutrophication and its consequences have an important impact on the waters beyond the estuaries of the large rivers, a large proportion of which occur along our coast.

In keeping with requirements for the preservation and reproduction of benthic organisms, as well as the development of marine cultures, the role of those zooplankton known as "larvaton" (mesoplankton) deserves special consideration. Black Sea coastal waters are visited by a variety of valuable fish species during the different seasons - sprat, anchovy, blue fish, Danube herring, belted bonito, etc. The juvenile forms of all these objects of passive and active Black Sea fishing are planktonofagous, while sprat and anchovy in all phases of their development form large schools and feed on zooplankton. Thus, it is obviously exceptionally important to know and preserve the trophic potential of the waters in general and certain species of zooplankton in particular.

Species Richness

In terms of species richness, the Black Sea zooplankton in general can be considered relatively high, but in groups such as the Ctenophora it is low. The presence of rare zooplankter species is also low. One rarity is the Pontella mediterranea.

Thermal Variation

The zooplankton of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast can by separated into thermophilic, eurythermic, and cold water species. In spring, summer, and autumn, with the structure of the water mass quasi-homogeneous in the surface layers down to 25 m, Cladoceran thermofiles are most often identified (Penilia avirostris, Pleopis polyphemoides, P. tergestina, Podon intermedius, P. Leuckarti, Evadue spinifera, E. nordmani), followed by thermophilic and eurythermic Copepoda (Centropages kroyeri, Acartia clausi, Paracalanus parvus, etc.). Dominant in the zone under the thermal boundary are eurythermic and cold habitat forms (A. clasi, Pseudocalanus elongatus, Calanus helgolandicus, Oithona similis, Sagitta setosa, and Pleurobrachia rhodopis).

The qualitative composition and quantitative development of the bottom larvaton portion of the zooplankton (medioplankton) play a particularly important role in maintaining the species diversity of the benthos. This group is represented by Lamellibranchia-veliger, Gastropoda-veliger, Cirripedia nauplius, Cirripedia cyprus, Polychaeta larvae, etc. (See Appendix 1, Section I).

Seasonal Variation

The species composition and population dynamics of zooplankton have distinct seasonal characteristics. This becomes obvious looking at Tables 1-4, which show the average, multi-year data for the composition and structure of zooplankton in the Black Sea in front of the Bulgarian coast (i.e., Capes Kaliakra, Ghalata, Emine, and Masslen Nos). These data are derived from both coastal waters and the open sea (Konsulov, 1991).

As regards the winter biomass of zooplankton, the richest region turns out to be the area 15 miles east of Cape Emine (Scheme I), bordering on the north and south of the 6.0°C isotherm curve. Analysis of the average annual spring biomass of zooplankton shows that it is at its highest in the coastal waters of the Ghalata Cape (72.58 mg/m³), and considerably lower in front of the Cape of Emine (35.39 mg/m³). Biomass values for the open sea rank first in the region of the Ghalata Cape, second along the Emine Cape, and third and fourth respectively in the regions in front of Capes Masslen Nos and Kaliakra.

During the summer, surveys of the state of zooplankton along north-to-south transects have shown that higher biomass values are found in those coastal regions where the 8°C isotherm curve lies furthest from the coast. This is due to the relationship between the location of isotherm curves and zooplankton structure (which bears upon their development and biomass values). Analysis of the state and development of zooplankton along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast in summer show that the species composition includes representatives of the thermophilic, eurythermic, and cold habitat complex (Konsulov, 1976). Growth in the thermophile complex is most substantial in surface, coastal water regions; in eurythermic species, in the intermediate horizons; and of the cold habitat complex below the 50-meter isobath curve in the open sea (Konsulov, 1988, 1990, 1991). The species diversity of the thermophilic Cladoceran fauna is influenced by the presence of adjacent shallow sea shelf grounds, where the laying and hibernation of eggs takes place at the end of summer and beginning of autumn.

The distinctive autumn zooplankton in the Bulgarian Black Sea coast includes all the summer zooplankters (except for C. Kroyeri), but in lower quantities (see Table 4). This fact accounts for the lower average value of biomass (36.13 mg/m³) compared to that of summer (102.11 mg/m³ ). The largest biomass quantities are those of O. minuta (819 ind/m3), A. clausi (272 ind/m³ ), and P. parvus (218 ind/m³), species that are found in coastal areas above the 10.0°C isotherm curve. The benthos larvaton in coastal waters in autumn is composed of Cirripedia nauplius, Gastropoda-veliger, Lamellibranchia-veliger and Polychaeta larvae. The highest average value of autumn biomass is located in the coastal waters of the Ghalata Cape (78.17 mg/m³), whereas the lowest is to the south of the Cape of Masslen Nos (16.76 mg/m³).

Susceptibility to Human Activities

As an ecological group, the zooplankton are very sensitive to certain human activities. High-speed ship propellers are lethal to them, transforming them into dead tissue and stimulating processes related to secondary eutrophication. Contact with oil is also lethal to zooplankton. Exceptionally dangerous for macro- and mesoplankton, as well as for benthos larvaton, is trawler fishing in the shallow shelf zone. Trawling forms solid masses of Copepoda zooplankters in the bottom horizons, causing considerable concentration of sprat along them. This is the reason trawler fishing is conducted along the bottom, leading to the movement of fine silt upwards from the soft ground. The latter has lethal effects on mesoplankton, and the sedimentation that follows in turn covers the hibernating eggs of a number of the Cladoceran and Copepod representatives. This explains the large decline in the number of P. avirostris (by 4-5 times) over the last decade. The same applies to P. tergestina and C. Kroyeri. This type of fishing also causes radioactive substances to move upwards and circulate (Konsulov, 1991).

The growth and distribution of the invasive Ctenophora Mnemia maccradyi (Mayer, 1990) has in the last 4-5 years become particular important in terms of the stability of the Black Sea plankton community. This plankter reaches 14 cms. in size and preys upon mesozooplankton of all groups, as well as the eggs and larvae of pelagic fish. In the coastal waters during the summer months, the density of this species reaches as much as 285 individuals per cubic meter, and in adjacent to sea lakes (Varna Lake) exceeds 450 ind/m³ (Konsulov, 1986). The invasion of this species in the Black Sea and its massive increase are due to the high degree of eutrophication in the coastal waters. As a result, M. maccradyi is seriously endangering species diversity among the zooplankton. Another consequence of advanced eutrophication in the coastal waters is the massive growth of Noctiluca scintilans, which feeds on large quantities of pelagic and benthic larvaton, heavily influencing in turn the community's population structure and biological diversity.

Because of their feeding habits and reproductive char-acteristics, the above mentioned zooplankters are taking an active part in the process of de-eutrophication. Their life cycle, however, is short, and following death they fall to the sea floor, where their decay causes the oxygen level to decrease. This in turn causes conditions for the reproduction of the benthic fauna, including bottom-dwelling species of fish, to deteriorate.

Summary

Studies of the species diversity, structure, and growth of zooplankton in the Bulgarian Black Sea coast (Rozhdestvensky, 1979, 1986; Konsulov, 1976, 1986) show that:

1. Changes within the species diversity and structure of zooplankton are greatest in the near-coastal zone and are determined by the considerable annual amplitude of the changes in the temperature of the water mass.

2. Low winter temperatures reaching the shallow sea shelf bed are the main reason for the poor hibernation and death of eggs of thermophilic Cladocerans and Copepods (Konsulov, 1987). Another important reason for mortality among the better part of the population of these groups is bottom trawler fishing for sprat. Fine sediments are lifted up by this type of fishing, after which they fall back to the bottom, covering the eggs of fish, mussels, and planktonic Crustacea.

3. Zooplankton species diversity is also endangered by the invasion of the Ctenophora species Mnemia maccradyi, which was found only infrequently until recently.

Section II: Zoobenthos

Brief History of Research

The history of research on the zoobenthos of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast can be divided into four periods. The first begins with the early faunistic studies and lasts until the founding of the Marine Biological Station in the town of Varna in 1932. Chichoff (1912) in this period prepared a list of 249 animal species, including vertebrates, that he had identified. Paspalev (1933), together with Russian and Rumanian researchers who had visited the Bulgarian coast, published data on the distribution of some of the zoobenthic organisms of the Bulgarian coast.

The second period begins with the establishment of the biological station in 1932 and ends in 1954 with the setting up of an advanced scientific research institute. The results of the systematic and intensive research activities from this period, mainly in the area of faunistics, have been published in 19 volumes belonging to the Marine Biological Station ("Arbeiten aus der Biologischen Meersstation in Stalin (Bulgarien)"). Most of these studies are devoted to the species composition of the fauna, as a foundation for carrying out community-level research and for clarifying the trophic resources for fish in the sea and adjacent basins.

Deserving of special recognition in this respect is Valkanoff, director of the station from 1942 to 1964, whose work on whole ecological groups laid the foundation for research on benthos cenology and the faunistic characteristics of zoobenthos (Valkanoff, 1935, 1938, 1953). Work in these areas was also enriched in this period by research work carried out by foreign scientists who worked for certain periods at the station (Klie, 1937; Caspers, 1951; Czapic, 1952). Based on expeditions carried out by the Sozopol Ichtyological Station, Netchaev et al. (1938) provided information on the characteristics and distribution of the black mussel (Mutilus galloprovincialis Lam.) along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast in relation to its exploitation by people for food.

The third period, from 1954 to 1989, begins with the founding of the Scientific and Research Institute of Fishery (Institute Central de Recherche Scientifique de la Pisculture et de Pecherie - Varna). The name was later changed to the Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, and then to the Institute of Fisheries (as it is called today). During this period, a number of authors have provided qualitative and quantitative information on the composition of the Protozoa (Valkanov, 1970; Golemansky, 1974; Detscheva, 1983), Nematoda (Stoykov, 1978; Uzunov, 1977), Polychaeta, Archiannelida, Ostracoda (Marinov, 1977, 1990), Harpacticoida (Marinov, 1971; Apostolov et al., 1988), Halacarida (Petrova, 1972), Malacostraca, Mollusca (Kaneva-Abadjieva, 1960, 1965; Bulgurkov, 1968, 1973), and Turbellaria (Konsulova, 1978).

The faunistic data collected was first summarized in the "Catalogue of Bulgarian Black Sea Fauna" (Valkanov, 1955) followed by two additions in 1964 (Valkanov et al.) and 1989 (Marinov et al.). Biocenologic research, as a rule, has followed basic faunistic research, although in a number of cases (and more so in later periods) it has been carried out simultaneously. Particularly important was research conducted in the years 1954-1957. This work made it possible to define for the first time the distribution of macrozoobenthos along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast (except for the 5-meter-deep coastal zone), covering taxonomic composition and quantitative estimation from both a spatial and an ecological perspective (Kaneva-Abadjeva et al., 1960, 1966).

During this period, the trophic significance for fish of the zoobenthos was also pointed out (Kaneva-Abadjieva et al., 1960; Karapetkova, 1962), as was the negative effect of zoobenthos on underwater equipment and structures (Kaneva-Abadjieva et al., 1965). The qualitative and quantitative composition of miobenthos and microbenthos were studied along with the macrozoobenthos (Marinov, 1978; Golemansky, 1974; Detscheva, 1983). The first report on important changes within zoobenthos communities, issued some 15 years ago, described the invasion and climatic adaptation of new immigrants to the Bulgarian Black Sea coast (Svetkov, 1986). The decline in populations of the black mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Kaneva-Abadjieva et al., 1976; Marinov, 1978) was also reported at about this time, stimulating work on the biological basis of mussel cultivation on the Black Sea coast (Konsulova, 1985).

The fourth stage in research began with the founding of the Marine Biology and Ecology Department within the Institute of Oceanology of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in 1989. It focuses its research on the species diversity and community structure of zoobenthos in the largely unknown, near-shore coastal zone. Much of its work involves analysis of critical changes within the bottom zoocenoses as a consequence of the massive die-off of more sensitive species during periodic summer hypoxia, and investigations of the mechanisms behind the lethal eutrophication process (Konsulova, 1991; Konsulova et al., 1991). The Institute of Fishery also continues to conduct research on the zoobenthos of the Bulgarian coastal shelf, updating information and analyzing changes in quantitative and qualitative composition and zoocenoses distribution over the last 30 years.

Current Assessment

Zoobenthos species composition is relatively well studied in the Bulgarian part of the Black Sea. The latest data (Marinov, 1990) indicate that a total of 1370 zoobenthos species occur. These belong to 12 groups: Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata, Plathelminthes, Nemathelminthes, Nemertini, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Tentaculata, Echinodermata, and Chordata. The arthropoda, with 492 representatives, are richest in species diversity, out of which the largest number of species is represented by Harpacticoida (204). Next come the worms as a whole: out of 338 species, 102 are Polychaeta and 109 Nematoda. (See Table 5 and Appendix 2). Since there are still groups that are not well known - the Protozoa, Oligochaeta, Turbellaria, etc. - it can be assumed that the number of zoobenthos species is in fact still larger.

In terms of biotic communities, three zones can be differentiated - the supralittoral, mediolittoral, and sublittoral - and these can be subdivided into 12 zoocenoses where the species composition and qualitative values of the ben-thos have been studied. The greatest species diversity can be observed in the sand sublittoral zoocenoses (142 species) and the rock littoral (123 spp.), followed by Mytilus sludge zoocenoses (90 spp.), Phaseolina sludge (60 spp.), and coastal sludge (with 47 and 42 spp. in two subcenoses).

Supralittoral Zone

This community is represented equally along the northern and southern Bulgarian coast. Three zoocenoses can be differentiated, based on substrata characteristics: rock supralittoral, sand-rock supralittoral, and dislodged algae. Because of the specific environmental conditions within the supralittoral, the organisms within this zone are quite diverse. They include several species adapted to lasting dryness (often found several meters above sea level) such as Littorina neritoides, Chthamalus stellatus, Ligia italica, Talitridae, as well as freshwater and terrestrial animals (primarily larval and adult forms of insects) (Beshovsky, 1964, 1975). Orchestia bottae (Amphipoda), a species especially typical of the sand-rock littoral, has been extensively studied. Its average density is 2032 ind/m³, its normal habitat being the underside of stones or dislodged algae and other vegetation (Stoykov, 1975).

Mediolittoral Zone

1. Rock mediolittoral zoocenosis

This community is well represented along the whole coast, except for the southern part. Mass growth of algae, especially of the green algae (Enteromorpha) is specific to this zone. Patella pontica (Gastropoda), which attaches itself to rocks, is the most characteristic inhabitant of this community, and occurs only here. Other characteristic species include representatives of the Balanus and Chthamalus (Cirripedia), Pachygrapsus marmoratus (the biggest Black Sea crab), and Eriphia verrucosa (Decapoda) (Marinov, 1990). According to unpublished data (precise studies are lacking), the populations of E. verrucosa have greatly declined over the last 5-6 years.

2. Sand mediolittoral zoocenosis

Macrozoobenthos species are not abundant here. The dominant species are Mesodesma cornea (Lamellibranchia) and Ophelia bicornis (Polychaeta). The maximal density recorded for the former species is 9800 ind/m³ and for the latter-2000 ind/m³. Other species are scarce and occur as lone individuals.

The species diversity of the miobenthos in this community and in subsoil beach waters is greater, although the list of species is still incomplete due to insufficient faunistic studies of certain groups (Turbellaria, Oligochaeta, Nematoda, etc.). The groups with the highest number of the 72 known miobenthos species are Harpacticoida (29 species), Polychaeta (9), Turbellaria and Halacaridae (7 species each). The average density of the miobenthos varies from 14,552 to 74,000 ind/m³ in certain regions, with Harpacticoidae and Oligochaeta most abundant.

The microbenthos in the subsoil beach waters has been researched in great detail. As a result, the so-called Testacea taxon (Protozoa) was differentiated. Over 70 species, most of which are obligate psammobionts, have been classified as members of the Testacea. In terms of their sea/land distribution, the microbenthos have been found most abundantly in the beach zone within a distance of 1 to 12 km from the sea (Golemansky, 1974; Valkanov, 1970). The benthos Infusoria (238 species) include a large number of Protozoan species inhabiting the coastal sand bottom, subsoil beach waters, and sand water. The distribution of 139 species in different littoral biotopes has been studied to ascertain their relationship to abiotic environmental factors. It has been demonstrated that the size of sand grains affects their distribution, with the largest numbers recorded on beaches with relatively large grains of sand. Most frequently observed are representatives of the Kinetofragmophora, Polyhymenophora and Oligohymenophora. Some species occur in all biotopes (e.g., Cyclidium elongatum), whereas others (Protocruzia adchaerens, Plagiocampa marina, Euplotes trisucatus) occur only in certain biotopes (Detscheva, 1980, 1983).

Sublittoral Zone

1. Cystoseira-dependent zoocenosis

This community begins at a depth of 0.5-1 m and extends 15-20 meters deep. Its development depends upon the availability of the brown algae Cystoseira barbata. With 111 identified species, this zoocenosis is the richest in species diversity. The taxa with the largest number of species are the Crustacea (68), Polychaeta (21), and Mollusca (7). Quantitative seasonal tests show that density and biomass are at their highest in the spring and summer, reaching a maximum of 212,668 ind/m³ and 58.5 mg/m³ per kg of sea weeds respectively. These indices are lowest at a depth of 1 m and highest at 3 m (Kaneva-Abadjieva et al., 1977).

2. Rock sublittoral zoocenosis

According to seasonal research on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the macrozoobenthos in this zoocenosis at a depth of 1 to 8 meters in the Bay of Varna, the species composition comprises 123 species, with an average density of 105 ind/m³. Dominating the communities are the Crustacea (40 species and 47.5% of the density), Mollusca (36 species, 32.2%), and Polychaeta (31 species, 17.3%). The average values of species diversity (d1 of Margaleff, 1987) range between 5.2 in the winter and 6.0 in the summer. After the summer bloom period of 1989, two negative changes in bottom waters due to oxygen depletion were observed: the total density increased by 2.5 times, and species diversity fell sharply, from 7.4 to 3.06, reflecting a five-fold reduction in Crustacea species. The highest death rate has been recorded among the free-living Decapoda Upogebia pusilla and Macropipus holsatus (Konsulova, 1991).

3. Sand sublittoral zoocenosis

This community occurs in the sublittoral zone below 5 meters. One hundred and forty-two macrobenthos species have been identified here, a high degree of species diversity. Prevalent in the total are Polychaeta (59), Crustacea (43) and Mollusca (30). The significance of each group across the profile of the zoocenosis differs depending on its density and biomass. In terms of density, the Polychaeta play the leading role, whereas the Mollusca are most significant in terms of biomass. Applying the density index (square root of density and biomass), Mollusca are definitely dominant. Five subcenoses have been identified in this zoocenosis according to the composition and characteristics of the bottom (Table 6). Comparative analysis shows that the A. ornatus + Modiola adriatica + Venus gallina sub-cenosis is richest in species, while the Corbulomya maeotica + Nerine cirratulus + Cumopsis goodsiri sub-cenosis, which is the highest in density, is poorest in this respect. C. maeotica + D. divaricata + V. gallina has the highest level of biomass due to the leading role of Mollusca within it (Kaneva-Abadjeva et al., 1966; Marinov, 1990).

Three new Mollusca species for this zoocenosis have been identified along the Bulgarian coast: Mya arenaria (1977), Cunearca corne (1984) (Lamellibranchia), and Rapana thomasiana (Gastropoda) (1956). This zoocenosis should include the Cocketrice bank, a unique structure in the northeastern part of the Bay of Bourgas. The unusual location of the bank's crest, its configuration (the highest part is 16.2 m deep, with compact sections in some zones), and relatively strong streams in its eastern part create favorable conditions not only for species typical of the sand zoocenosis, but also for species such as M. galloprovincialis that are typical of the rock sublittoral cenosis. Species diversity (d1) is high and in certain sections ranges between 8.1 and 10.2. A total of 64 macrozoobenthos species, belonging to 11 classes, occur in this community. Almost equally represented are Crustacea (24) and Polychaeta (23), with 16 Mollusca species. The average density and biomass exceed by ten times the maximum found in the sand bottom cenosis (Table 6). Massive quantities of zoobenthic larvae of bottom fish have been identified here, which indisputably makes the zoobenthos of this bank unique. In recent years, various economic organizations have become interested in taking sand from this natural deposit for construction purposes. It is absolutely imperative that measures be adopted to prevent such exploitation of the Cocketrice bank and to secure its future as a protected area (Konsulova, 1991).

4. Coastal sludge zoocenosis

This community is located from 15-20 m to 30-40 m deep and is most pronounced along the northern coast. Depending on the quantities of Melina palmata (Polychaeta), it is divided into two subcenoses: one in which M. palamata is dominant and the other with very little M. palmata. The former subcenosis comprises 2/3 of the whole zoocenosis. Its species diversity and average density are higher, and its biomass twice that of the latter. Polychaeta and Mollusca are more significant, and Crustacea are represented more modestly. Generally speaking, this type of zoocenosis is scarce along the Bulgarian coast (Table 6) (Marinov, 1990).

5. Mytilus sludge zoocenosis

The width and distance from shore vary within this zoocenosis. Its depth ranges from 13 m to a maximum of 80 m. Species composition is very rich. It contains a total of 90 macrozoobenthos species, with Polychaeta prevailing (30), followed by Crustacea (26) and Mollusca (24). However, only 14 species occur regularly. Although it gives its name to the zoocenosis, M. galloprovincialis is not one of these species. This is due to its spotty distribution, which makes it difficult to obtain realistic information using the bottom-scraping method of observation. The average density of the macrozoobenthos is 666 ind/m³. In the northern region the density is considerably lower, never exceeding 630 ind/m³, and to the south it falls abruptly below these values. Whereas in the northern region Polychaeta and Mollusca (M. subtruncata) are the dominant groups, Polychaeta (Aricidea claudiae) is dominant in the southern region. Average biomass amounts to 134.4 g/m³. This zoocenosis is considered one of the richest in species among zoocenoses that are high in biomass, but, as noted above, results from bottom-scraping tests are not reliable due to the spotty distribution of M. galloprovincialis (Marinov, 1990).

6. Phaseolina sludge zoocenosis

This zoocenosis occurs in a wide zone in northern coastal waters (as compared to the southern coast). It extends from 63 m to 184 m beneath the surface. Fifty-five macrozoobenthos species have been recorded, among which Crustacea (19), Polychaeta (16), and Mollusca (10) are most prevalent. Eight species occur most frequently, among which Modiola phaseolina is conspicuous. The greatest species diversity in this zone is found at depths of up to 100 m. Below 148 m only five species have been identified. The average density of 853 ind/m³ and average biomass of 44.0 g/m³ are represented chiefly by M. phaseolina (Marinov, 1990).

Miobenthos in the Sublittoral Zones

The sand and sludge miobenthos from 5 m to 150 m are dominated by Polychaeta, Harpticoida, and especially Nematoda. This category of living organisms is divided into eumiobenthos (species whose adult forms do not exceed 1 mm in length) and pseudomiobenthos (juvenile forms of macrobenthos organisms). Polychaeta are represented by 42 species, some of which are pseudomiobenthic forms. Forty-two species of Harpacticoida have been identified, all of which are eumiobenthos. Among the Nematoda, the most typical species are Axonolaimius ponticus, Terschelingia lonicaudata, and Viscosia glabra. The average total number of representatives from these groups is 164,152 ind/m³, of which 77.5% are Nematoda (Marinov, 1978, 1980).

Zoobenthos in the Bay of Varna, Varna Lake, and Beloslav

Careful research undertaken in the Bay of Varna ten years ago identified five basic zoocenoses with 65 macrozoobenthos species. Polychaeata occur in the highest densities, with Spio filicornis the most prevalent species (Marinov, 1990). Two new species have also been identified - Mya arenaria and Cunearca cornea (Lamellibranchia). The latter is more abundant.

The latest seasonal studies have recorded 105 species. Most numerous are Polychaeta (38), Crustacea (30), and Mollusca (25). The "amphioxus sand" zoocenosis, located in the furthest part of the lake, rates highest on the Shannon-Weaver diversity index. The "melina" type of sludge rates lowest. The summer season turns out to be the most critical time of the year for bottom communities with the lowest H-index (2.1). This is due to the periodic progression of summer hypoxia since 1986 and the distinct decrease in species diversity. This phenomenon occurs chiefly at the expense of the Crustacea species. In 1991, a massive die-off of Upogebia pusilla and Calianassa pestai was recorded, typical for the U. pusilla zoocenosis. Human activities have had their greatest impact on the benthos communities of the sludge bottom in the southern and central parts of the bay, near Varna Lake. These communities are significantly affected by eutrophication (Konsulova, 1992).

Forty-five macrozoobenthos species and groups have been identified in Varna Lake, of which 14 are Polychaeta, 12 Crustacea, and 12 Mollusca. Worms predominate in the species composition at all seasons. Two critical zones, in which living benthic organisms are absent year-round, occur in industrial areas in the western and eastern parts of the lake. The general species diversity for almost all of the other stations is exceptionally low - 0.2 to 1. Two zones of relatively diverse benthos communities (H=1.65) can be traced at a maximal distance from the critical zones. Only 7 species of macrozoobenthos organisms have been identified in the Beloslav Lake (which is connected by a canal to Varna Lake): 2 Polychaeta, 3 Crustacea, and Oligochaeta and Chironomidae larvae.

In general, the heavily degraded zoobenthos communities in the Varna region can be placed into two categories: those that are totally devoid of living organisms and those that support zoocenoses consisting of only a single species. The status of the communities tends to improve the further they are from the basic polluting source, i.e. the Devnzha Chemical Works. The increase in species diversity, however, is very limited (0.05) (Konsulova, 1992).

Zoobenthos in the Bay of Bourgas

Eighty-five species have been identified in the Bay of Bourgas, including 33 Polychaeta, 23 Mollusca, and 23 Crustacea. Seven zoocenoses have been identified based on the characteristics of the bottom surface and the most prominent species occurring there. Two species not reported in previous studies have been identified: Cunearca cornea and Mya arenaria. Although it has only recently appeared in the Black Sea, C. cornea has become a substantial component in bottom, sand, and sludge zoocenoses, causing significant changes within them. The abundance of this species in the Bay of Bourgas has resulted in the rapid formation of a new high-biomass zoocenosis (Table 7) (Marinov et al., 1989; Svetkov et al., 1986).

State of the Mussel Resources

Mytilus galloprovincialis is the most popular type of mussel in the Bulgarian part of the Black Sea. It is found in the open sea between 35-40 m and 60-65 m. Two characteristics make this a particularly important species. First, its filtering capacity is the greatest of any mollusk in the Black Sea. It feeds on enormous quantities of plankton and detritus and thus contributes to the process of de-eutrophication. Second, it transforms the planktonic mass into protein food suitable for human consumption, and thus represents a biological resource of economic significance.

Comparisons with studies performed in 1938 (Netschaeff et al.) and 1967 (Kaneva-Abadjieva et al.) reveal that, by 1978 (Marinov), the natural mussel resources had declined considerably. This occurred despite a gradual decrease in catch and, eventually, the total cessation of harvesting after 1973. The causes of this decline were increased predatory pressure from the exotic species Rapana thomasiana, mass death and destruction of mussel fields as a result of eutrophication and hypoxia in bottom waters, and trawler fishing in the coastal waters. The relationship of M. galloprovincialis and R. thomasiana in the northern part of the Bulgarian shelf seems to have stabilized. It is believed that by 1984 the predator-prey relationship reached "a stage of dynamic equilibrium. The decrease in predator pressure with depth results in the progressive restoration of mussel stocks" (Konsulova, 1992).

The export of Rapana thomasiana has become more economically important for Bulgaria during the last 2-3 years. They are gathered manually, using diving equipment to reach the bottom, along the entire Bulgarian coast. At present, no data are available on the status and population of Rapana thomasiana and the impact of these activities.

M. galloprovincialis is cultivated on artificial substrata is to obtain high quality protein food, rich in vitamins, for people. This comes at the expense of the pelagic plankton, thus diminishing their negative role in contributing to bottom hypoxia in post-bloom periods. Mussels on the artificial substrata are endangered not only by predation from R. thomasiana, but by hypoxia. An attendant phenomenon is the formation of mixed cenoses, in which a number of additional species accompany the basic species. This in turn improves the conditions for reproduction and contributes to the restoration and stabilizing of the zoobenthos in the areas of cultivation (Konsulova, 1990, 1985). Five groups (Platheminthes, Nemathelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca) develop in large quantities within these artificial zoocenoses, with Crustacea and Polychaeta dominating at an average density of 90,221 and 68,440 individuals per linear meter respectively.

Mussel culture is presently most active in the region of Sozopol, with a harvest of 150 tons per year. In the last several years attempts have been made to establish private mussel farms, but official statistics on their total production have not yet been presented.

Harmful Zoobenthos Communities

Several species whose mode of living entails attaching themselves to underwater structures are able to thrive on virtually any kind of substrata. This has always been considered a negative phenomenon as far as human activities are concerned, and has long been a subject of research. The periods of proliferation of Balanus improvisus, Mytilus galloprovincialis, and Mercierella enigmatica have been studied on a monthly and seasonal basis. From April through September, the biomass of these species is much higher (20,055.54 g/m³) than during the period of October through March, when it is exceptionally low (528.2 g/m³). Annual rates of growth can reach as high as 84 kg/m³ (Kaneva-Abadjieva et al., 1977).

Section III. Summary and Conclusions

This paper summarizes the state of knowledge on the benthic and planktonic fauna of the Bulgarian Black Sea. It includes full lists of the zooplankton and zoobenthos species of the shallow Black Sea shelf. The micropelagic fauna is relatively unknown. From this review, several key conclusions can be drawn:

• The zoocenosis of the rock sublittoral zone is one of the richest in species, but has been studied only along the northern coast. The southern coast remains unknown.
  
  The Cystoseira-dependent zoocenosis is very rich in species diversity. As its development depends upon the availability of the brown algae Cystoseira barbata, research should aim at identifying the distribution of this species, which is unknown at present.
  
  
• The construction of control structures in the near coastal zone has resulted in a number of negative processes in terms of species diversity.
  
  
• The effect of the predatory Rapana thomasiana on the natural mussel fields was considered to be totally destructive until two years ago. Since 1990 this species has been extensively used in the food industry. This suggests the need for more thorough research on its resource base and distribution. Further research is also imperative due to its effect on the black mussel and the general structure of bottom zoocenoses.
  
  
• In comparison with the world's oceans, the species richness of the Black Sea zoobenthos can be characterized as average.
  
  
• The sections of the sea that are of greatest ecological importance are those on the border of the 10-15 meter isobath curve, as well as others marked on the Map 1. These areas are also the most sensitive to certain human activities, particularly trawler fishing and construction along the coast (including the building of control structures and piers). These human activities pose the major threat to the biodiversity of the shallow shelf. Together with the historically aggravated presence of hydrogen sulfide in waters below 150 m, they define the necessity of urgent protection and restoration activities.

Section IV: Recommendations

To protect the biodiversity of the Black Sea along the Bulgarian coast, the following actions are necessary:

1. Trawler fishing should be prohibited.

2. Sea construction projects that have not been formulated using available ecological expertise, or with assessments by marine experts, should be prohibited.

3. Biofilter systems using artificially implanted bottom cenoses should be introduced.

4. Sea areas that serve as important sources for benthos, plankton, and larvaton should be declared protected areas as necessary.

Table 1. Average Composition and Structure of Zooplankton of the Black Sea Coast for Winter (1970-1988). (All figures per m³)

A - Coastal region: B - Open sea

Composition	Kaliakra Cape		Ghalata Cape		Emine Cape		Masslen Nos Cape
	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
Noctiluca scintillans	1982	2520	2034	2840	3128	2968	2863	3165
Synchaeta vorax	1071	2140	965	2132	1097	2314	1407	2918
Acartia clausi	150	107	117	101	79	92	77	91
Acartia - copepodit	118	189	105	165	94	131	59	132
Acartia - nauplius	63	123	38	113	40	119	31	133
Pseudocalanus elongatus	203	103	195	142	151	167	147	138
Pseudocalanus-copepodit	168	241	158	238	164	112	137	139
Pseudocalanus-nauplius	94	521	103	490	119	81	83	111
Paracalanus parvus	162	148	174	157	133	98	159	97
Paracalanus - copepodit	142	191	143	208	139	167	159	141
Calanus helgolandicus	4	7	2	6	3	10	1	11
Calanus - copepodit	17	39	14	42	8	34	5	28
Calanus - nauplius	-	92	-	101	2	68	6	46
Oithona minuta	268	239	266	218	158	142	169	117
Oithona munita-copepodit	321	368	241	356	251	283	132	156
Oithona similis	152	180	144	156	112	146	117	131
Cirripedia nauplius	208	60	178	58	146	28	174	21
Polychaeta - larvae	4	2	3	2	7	1	6	4
Lamellibranchia - veliger	133	120	147	131	132	48	182	26
Gastropoda - veliger	28	11	16	19	23	19	21	7
Sagitta setosa	3	14	2	11	3	18	4	16
Aurelia aurita-ephyra	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Pleurobrachia rhodopis	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Oicopleura dioica	93	126	34	162	87	106	74	142

Table 2. Average Composition and Structure of Zooplankton of the Black Sea Coast for Spring (1970-1988). (All figures per m³)

A - Coastal region: B - Open sea

Composition	Kaliakra Cape		Ghalata Cape		Emine Cape		Masslen Nos Cape
	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
Noctiluca scintillans	27055	1972	21130	12184	18201	11960	42392	10843
Synchaeta vorax	303	319	438	215	386	316	196	284
Podon polyphemoides	564	70	598	47	407	87	298	52
Podon leucarti	50	14	215	14	70	3	141	29
Centropages kroyeri	1	-	2	-	45	-	3	-
Acartia clausi	494	93	912	128	202	117	502	334
Acartia - copepodit	162	140	253	95	95	99	582	285
Acartia - nauplius	171	78	120	76	70	22	485	268
Pseudocalanus elongatus	112	130	47	454	7	250	286	130
Pseudocalanus-copepodit	370	215	57	252	12	51	140	200
Pseudocalanus - nauplius	284	105	8	213	30	42	143	203
Paracalanus - copepodit	125	44	121	148	130	88	206	81
Calanus helgolandicus	1	6	-	8	-	12	-	3
Calanus - nauplius	-	32	-	66	-	70	-	38
Calanus - ova	31	96	-	31	-	31	-	46
Oithona minuta	160	39	68	170	167	154	361	123
Oithona similis	79	85	62	670	200	195	39	97
Copepoda - nauplius	31	65	21	14	30	17	96	26
Cirripedia - nauplius	86	3	98	9	144	12	193	16
Polychaeta - larvae	80	3	78	-	50	3	154	10
Lamellibranchia - veliger	238	33	174	141	67	10	364	49
Gastropoda - veliger	80132	41	176	53	97	61	112	36
Sagitta setosa	1	3	-	1	-	1	1	11
Aurelia aurita-ephyra	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Pleurobrachia rhodopis	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1
Oicopleura dioica	170	88	43	200	90	64	321	89

Table 3. Average Composition and Structure of Zooplankton of the Black Sea Coast for Summer (1970-1988). (All figures per m³)

A - Coastal region: B - Open sea

Composition	Kaliakra Cape		Ghalata Cape		Emine Cape		Masslen Nos Cape
	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
Noctiluca scintillans	23853	14017	28413	13243	18640	12320	24940	14386
Synchaeta vorax	109	268	49	196	116	98	98	84
Podon polyphemoides	214	163	767	326	158	35	175	107
Podon leucarti	81	34	436	74	63	3	71	63
Penilia avirostris	114	61	2044	137	484	180	487	126
Evadne nordmani	97	18	372	13	43	18	32	11
Evadne spinifera	86	31	191	21	91	98	84	49
Evadne tergestina	28	15	264	24	43	103	37	18
Centropages kroyeri	66	-	236	-	83	-	91	-
Centropages - copepodit	39	-	319	-	73	-	66	-
Centropages - nauplius	71	-	486	-	111	-	92	-
Acartia clausi	803	486	2388	989	850	188	981	965
Acartia - copepodit	875	579	24776	1218	789	164	843	938
Acartia - nauplius	1482	682	3911	1891	385	21	365	1152
Pseudocalanus elongatus	57	135	-	91	31	62	-	83
Pseudocalanus-copepodit	112	165	-	121	48	124	-	112
Pseudocalanus - nauplius	134	119	-	170	112	43	-	164
Paracalanus parvus	69	39	275	113	96	165	178	101
Calanus helgolandicus	-	4	-	3	-	2	-	2
Calanus - nauplius	-	7	-	16	-	2	-	12
Calanus - ova	-	11	-	28	-	12	-	24
Oithona minuta	640	218	2813	897	792	500	596	518
Oithona similis	66	158	-	79	-	87	-	84
Decapoda - mysis	1	-	26	-	1	-	6	-
Copepoda - nauplius	69	43	211	73	106	82	115	81
Cirripedia - nauplius	137	92	498	224	181	7	186	78
Polychaeta - larvae	48	16	384	87	198	51	199	73
Lamellibranchia - veliger	178	57	943	196	344	35	361	178
Gastropoda - veliger	116	78	131	97	96	97	149	117
Sagitta setosa	1	2	-	1	-	2	1	1
Aurelia aurita-ephyra	-	1	-	1	-	1	-	1
Pleurobrachia rhodopis	-	1	-	1	-	1	-	1
Oicopleura dioica	112	78	316	116	104	51	114	101

Table 4. Average Composition and Structure of Zooplankton of the Black Sea Coast for Autumn (1970-1988). (All figures per m³)

A - Coastal region: B - Open sea

Composition	Kaliakra Cape		Ghalata Cape		Emine Cape		Masslen Nos Cape
	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
Noctiluca scintillans	21364	11072	32114	14396	12189	10797	22631	19730
Synchaeta vorax	31	26	43	11	98	112	49	39
Podon polyphemoides	106	14	198	29	83	28	106	16
Podon leucarti	62	7	93	11	67	36	69	14
Penilia avirostris	217	24	436	39	187	28	181	22
Evadne nordmani	13	-	47	-	19	5	21	2
Evadne spinifera	19	-	39	-	11	9	16	8
Evadne tergestina	14	-	70	3	29	6	36	5
Acartia clausi	256	212	416	249	179	138	238	122
Acartia - copepodit	468	54	672	130	298	168	341	126
Acartia - nauplius	748	38	913	159	665	465	674	275
Pseudocalanus elongatus	16	116	-	113	11	85	16	78
Pseudocalanus-copepodit	28	181	-	197	24	184	2*	131
Pseudocalanus - nauplius	49	120	-	133	31	173	37	163
Paracalanus parvus	267	121	364	94	118	98	126	102
Calanus helgolandicus	3	7	-	6	1	3	1	2
Calanus - nauplius	14	28	-	18	3	17	2	14
Calanus - ova	7	31	-	27	-	24	-	21
Oithona minuta	1019	68	1640	124	302	218	316	133
Oithona similis	32	130	-	113	26	78	14	65
Decapoda - mysis	3	-	18	-	-	-	-	-
Copepoda - nauplius	68	19	78	24	29	20	27	14
Cirripedia - nauplius	125	14	328	168	129	93	144	23
Polychaeta - larvae	53	3	1119	14	54	10	72	8
Lamellibranchia - veliger	181	21	369	307	121	93	148	43
Gastropoda - veliger	98	31	131	43	103	19	117	36
Sagitta setosa	9	2	-	1	1	1	1	1
Aurelia aurita-ephyra	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Pleurobrachia rhodopis	1	1	-	1	1	1	1	1
Oicopleura dioica	221	68	368	78	153	93	157	53

Table 5. Number of Benthic Organisms in the Bulgarian Part of the Black Sea (after Marinov, 1990)

Group	Number	Group	Number	Group	Number
Testacea	90	Oligochaeta	21	Tardigrada	5
Foramanifera	43	Harpacticoida	204	Colembola	4
Infusoria	2338	Cirripedia	5	Diptera-Brachicera	13
Porifera	22	Ostracoda	74	Diptera-Nematocera	15
Coelenterata	28	Mysidacea	11	Loricata	2
Turbellaria	25	Cumacea	13	Gastropoda	43
Nematoda	109	Isopoda	22	Lamellibranchia	46
Nemertini	26	Anisopoda	4	Bryozoa	13
Kinorhyncha	3	Amphipoda	62	Phoronidea	1
Gastrotricha	13	Decapoda	30	Kamptozoa	2
Rotatoria	32	Halacaridae	27	Echinodermata	5
Polychaeta	102	Hydrachnellae	1	Ascidiacea	6
Archiannelida	6	Pantopoda	2	Branchiostomidae	1

Table 6. Characteristics of Separate Zoocenoses in the Soft Sublittoral Bottom (after Marinov, 1990)

Zoocenoses and Subcenoses	Number of Species	Average density ind/m2	Average biomass g/m2
1. Sand bottom - total	142	1474	134.4
a) subcenosis of clean sand	98	934	86.7
b) A. ornata + M. adriatica + G. minima	105	1804	140.3
c) C. maeotica + D. divaricata + V. gallina	61	1994	279.9
d) Br. lanceolatum + St. kefersteini + O. limacina	83	1549	56.7
e) C. maeotica + N. cirratulus + C. goodsiri	42	2576	30.0
2. Cocketrice bank	64	28353	2720.8
3. Coastal sludge
a) subcenoses with M. palmata prevailing	47	564	75.3
b) subcenoses with very little M. palmata	42	256	40.9
4. Mytilus sludge	90	666	134.3
5. Phaseolina sludge	55	853	44.0

Table 7. Characteristics of Bourgas Bay Zoocenoses (after Marinov et al., 1989)

Zoocenoses	Number of species	Average density ind/m2	Average biomass g/m2
Melinna plamata	47	817	118.5
Venus gallina	42	975	510.5
Venus - Melinna	41	1035	140.8
Mactra subtruncata	36	1018	266.4
Melina - Mactra	23	816	170.8
Cunearca cornea	43	2365	1176.4
Amphioxus sand	50	3459	384.7

Appendix 1. Composition of the Zooplankton Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast

PROTOZOA Noctiluca scintillans Suriray, 1846 Leprotintinnus pellucidus (Cleve, 1899) Tintinnidium mucicola (Claparede et Lachmann, 1858) Tintinnopsis campanula Ehrenberg, 1848 T. campanula var. butclii Jorgensen, 1924 T. meunieri Kofoid et Campbell, 1929 T. lobincoi Daday, 1886 T. minuta Wailes, 1925 T. baltica Brandt, 1896 T. parvula Jorgensen, 1912 T. tubulosa Levander, 1900 T. subacuta Jorgensen, 1899 T. beroidea Entz, 1884 T. karajacens Brandt, 1908 T. cylindrica Daday, 1886 T. davidovi Daday, 1886 Stenostemella ventricos (Cl. et L., 1858) S. nivalis Meunier, 1910 Coxliella helix Brandt, 1907 C. decipiens Jorg., 1924 C. annulata Daday, 1885 C. undulatospiralis Dolgopolskaja, 1940 Metacylis mediterranea Mereschkovskyi, 1881 Helicostomella subulata Jorgensen, 1924 Favella ehrenbergi (Clap. et Lach., 1858) COELENTERATA Coryne tubulosa (M. Sars, 1835) Rathkea octopunctata (M. Sars, 1835) Hydractinia carnea (M. Sars, 1846) Moerisia maeotica (Ostroumow, 1896) Obelia longissima (Pallas, 1766) Aurelia aurita (Lesueur, 1758) Rhizostoma pulmo (Macri, 1778) CTENOPHORA Pleurobrachia rhodopis Chun, 1880 Mnemia maccradyi (Mayer, 1900) S. pectinata Ehrb., 1893 Keratella cochlearis (Gosse, 1851)

ANNELIDA Polychaeta - larvae ARTHROPODA Penilia avirostris Dana, 1849 Pleopis polyphemoides (Leucart, 1859) P. tergestina (Claus, 1877) Podon intermedius Lilljeborg, 1853 P. leuckarti (G.O. Sars, 1862) Evadne spinifera P.E. Muller, 1868 E. nordmani Loven, 1836 Anomalocera patersoni Templeton, 1837 Pontella mediterranea Claus, 1863 Labidocera brunescens Czernjavsky, 1868 Calanus helgolandicus Claus, 1863 Calanipeda aquae dulcis (Kriczagin, 1873) Paracalanus parvus (Claus, 1863) Pseudocalanus elongatus (Boeck, 1872) Acartia clausi Giesbrecht, 1889 Oithona minuta (Kricz, 1873) O. similis Claus, 1863 Cyclops vicinus Uljan., 1875 C. strenuus Fich., 1851 Monstrilla grandis Giesbr., 1892 Mesopodopsis slabberi (Van Beneden, 1861) Paramysis pontica Bacescu, 1940 Decapoda - zoea MOLLUSCA Gastropoda - veliger Lamellibranchia - veliger CHORDATA Sagitta setosa Muller, 1847 Oikopleura dioica Fol, 1872 VERTEBRATA Pisces - ova Pisces - larvae

Appendix 2. Composition of the Zoobenthos Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast (after Marinov, 1990)

PROTOZOA Common Testacea from the Bulgarian Section of the Black Sea Psammonobiotus communis Gol. Pseudocorithion acutus (Wailes, Valkanov, 1973) P. wailesi Gol. Centropyxionella arenaria Valk. C. gibbula Valk. Paramphitrema pontica Valk. Alepiella tricornuta Gol. Amphorellopsis elegans Gol. Pomoriella valkanovi Gol. Chardezia caudata Gol. Corithionella acola Gol. Lagenidiopsis valkanovi Gol. Messemvriella fillosa Gol. Vampirella peritrichophaga Valk. Raphidiophrysopsis sessilis Valk. Leptogromia operculata Valk. Euglyphinopsis pontica Valk. FORAMINIFERA Lagenidae Shultze Lagena apicula Reuss L. pseudogludosa Buchner L. simplex Buchner L. laevigata Reuss L. aequilabialis Buchner Hauerina bradii Cushman Ammomassilina alveliniformis Millet Trilocularena circulare Herro-Allen Litoulidae Lamarck Discamina falax Lacroix Litoula nautiloides Brady Ammobaculet ponticus Michalevich Bulbobaculites mync Loeblich Buliminidae Jones Bolivia punctata d'Orbigny Nonionidae Schultze Cribroelphidium martcobi Bogdanovitch C. depressulum Walker et Jacob C. bartleti Cushman Elphidium ponticum Dolgopolskaja et Pauli E. macellum Fichtel et Moll E. incertum Wiliamson E. polyanum (d'Orbigny) Parellina thalba Loeblich, Tappan Miliolidae Ehrenberg Milimina rugosa Mikhalevitch M. subrotunda Maontagu Siphonaperta macbeathi Vella COELENTERATA Aglaophenia pluma Lamoureux Blackfordia virginica Mayer Bougainvillia ramosa v. Ben B. megas Kinne Campanularia integriformis Mark C. volubilis var. urceolata Clark C. johnstoni (Ald.) Campanulina laceta (John.) C. repens A. Cladonema radiatum Duj. Corymorpha nutans Steenst. Coryne tubulosa (M. Sars) Eudendrium ramosum (L.) Obelia loveni (Allman) O. angulata (Hincks) O. gelatinosa (Pallas) O. longissima (Pallas) Cordylophora caspia (Pallas) Moerisia maeotica (Ostr.) Odessia maeotica Paspaleff Pontia ostoumovi Paspaleff Thaumantias maeotica (Ostr.) Plumullaria halecioides Alder Protohydra leuekarti Greef Hydractinia carnea M. Sars Rathkea octopunctata M. Sars Sertularella polyzonias Grey Scyphozoa Lucernaria campanula Lamoureux Anthozoa Actinia aequina (L.) Actinothoe clavata (Ilmoni) Pachycerianthus solitarius (Rapp.) PLATHELMINTHES Turbellaria Acrorhinchus reprobatus Greef Archilina endostyla Ax Archotoplana holotricha Ax Baltoplana valkanovi Ax Coelogynopora biarmata Steinbock Convoluta fulvomaculata Ax C. hypparchia Perej. Coelogynopora tenuiformis Karling Dendrocoelum lacteum (O.F.M.) Gyrator hermaphroditus Ehr. Leptoplana tremellaris Ehr. Monocelis longipes Duj. Otocellis rubropunctata (O. Schm.) Otoplana bosporana Ax O. subterranea Ax NEMATODA (continued) Enoploides hirsutus Fil. Enoplolaimus dubius Fil. E. conicus Fil. Ethmolaimus multipapilatus Par. Euyrostomina assimilis (de Man) E. ornata Eberth. Nudora steineri Fil. Nemanema filiformis Fil. Halalaimus ponticus Fil. Halichoanolaimus filicauda Fil. H. clavicauda Fil. Hipodontolaimus balticus Schneider H. ponticus Fil. H. filicauda Fil. Monhystera filiformis Bast. M. collaris Fil. M. parva Fil. M. rotundicaudata Fil. Metachromadora macroutera Fil. M. arearia Stoykov M. cystoseirae Fil. Monopostia costata Bast. Leptosomatum bacillatium Eberth. L. punctatum Eberth. Leptosomatides euxina Fil. Linmaeus filiformis Fil. Oncholaimus campilocercoides Conick et Steckh. O. conicauda Fil. O. brevicaudata Fil. O. dujardini de Man Oncholaimellus mediterraneus Stekhoven Onyx perfectus Cood Oxystomina clavicauda Fil. O. elongata Butsch. Parancholaimus zernovi Fil. Paralinchomaeus ostearum Fil. Paracanthonchus coecus Bast. Polygastrophora hexabulba Fil. Pontonema zernovi Fil. Quadricoma loricata Fil. Q. steineri Fil. Rhabdites marina Butsch. Rhabdodemania pontica Plat. Sabatieria abissalis Fil. S. vulgaris de Man S. cupida Breslau et Steckh. Spilophorella euxina Fil. Sphaerolaimus macrocirculus Fil. Sph. ostreae Fil. Spirina sabulicola Fil. S. zosterae Fil. Symplocostoma tenuicolae (Eberth.) S. longicollae Bast. S. ponticum Fil. Syringolaimus caspersi Gerlach ROTATORIA (continued) P. commutata Althaus P. similis Beuachamp. P. reinchardt (Ehr.) Pterodina clypeata (Ehr.) Rotaria cotrina (Ehr.) R. notatoria (Pall.) Rotifer vulgaris Schrank Testudinella patina (Herm.) T. obscura Althaus Halodigma tecusa Harr et Mayer NEMERTINI Amphiporus bioculatus Mc Inthosh A. lactifloreus (Johnston) A. pulcher (John.) Carinina heterostoma G.I. Muller Cephalothrix sp.(aff. arenaria Hylb.) C. bioculatus (Oerst.) C. linearis (Rathke) C. rufifrons (John.) Cerebratulus marginatus (Reiner) C. ventrosulcatus (Burger) Emplectonema gracilis (John.) Lineus bilineatus (Reiner) L. lacteus (Mont.) L. geniculatus (Chiaje) L. ruber O.F.M. Micrura fasciolata (Ehren.) Ototyphlonemertes antipai G.I. Muller Pontolineus arenarius G.I. Muller et D. Scripcariu Prostomatella vermicola (Quatrf.) Pussilineus gabriellae Gorrea Tetrastemma bacescui G.I. Muller T. candida (O.F.M.) T. coronatum (Quartf.) T. longissimum Bulger T. melanocephalum (John.) Zygonemertes maslowskyi (Czern.) ANNELIDA Polychaeta Common species Phyllodoce tuberculata Bobr. Grubea clavata (Clap.) Sphaerosyllis bulbosa South. Nereis zonata Malmgr. Neanthes succinea Leuck. Platynereis dumerilii (Aud. et M.) Nerine cirratulus (D.Ch.) Spio filicornis O.F.M. Polydora ciliata (Johnst.) Prionospio cirrifera Wiren Aricidea claudiae Mc Intosh HARPACTICOIDA (continued) Thalestridae Parastenheliidae Diosaccidae Metidae Ameiridae Paramesochridae Tetragonicipitidae Canthocamptidae Cylindropsyllidae Parastenocaridae Cletodidae Laophontidae Ancorabolidae Latiremidae CIRRIPEDIA Balanus improvisus Darw. Balanus eburneus Gould Chthamalus stellatus (Poli) Chthamalus depressus (Poli) Verruca spingleri Darw. OSTRACODA Darwinula stevensoni Br. & Rob. Paracypris polyta G.O.S. Candonaneglecta Baird C. levanderi Hirschm. Candonopsis kingslei (Br. & Rob.) Cyprinotus salinus (Br.) Eucypris inflata (G.O.S.) Cypridopsis aculeatus (Costa) C. newtoni Br. & Rob. C. vidua (O.F.M.) Potamocypris steueri Klie Pontocythere bacescoi (Caraion) P. tschernjavskii Dub. Cyprideis torosa (Jones) C. littoralis Br. Microcytherura nigrescen G.W.M. M. fulvoides Dub. Leptocythere relicta Sshorn. Cytheridea acuminata (Bosq.) Leptocythere devexa Schorn. L. macallena (Br. & Rob.) L. nitida Schorn. L. mediterranea (G.W.M.) L. diffusa (G.W.M.) L. striatocostata (Schw.) L. quinquetuberculata (Schw.) L. lopatica (Schorn.) L. multipunctata (Seguenza) Carinocythereis arinata (Roemer) Cythereis rubra pontica Dub. Hemicythere sicula Br. Limnocythere inopinata (Baird) CUMACEA Bodotria arenosa Goods Cumella limicola G.O.S. Iphinoe maeotica Sovinsky I. tenella G.O.S. I. elisae Bac. Nannastacus euxinicus Bac. Pseudocuma ciliata G.O.S. P. longicornis pontica Bac. Cumopsisi goodsiri (Beneden) Cumella pygmaea euxinica Bac. Eudorella truncatula (Bate) ISOPODA Limnoria tuberculata Sowinsky Eurydice rakovitzai Bacesco E. pontica Czern. E. dollfusi Monard E. valkanovi Bacesco E. spinigera Hansen Livoneca taurica Czern. Sphaeroma serratum (Fabr.) Sph. pulchellum (Collassi) Naessa bidentata (Adams) Idotea baltica basteri Audouin Synisoma capito (Rathke) Tylos ponticus Grebnitzky Jaera sarsi Valkanov J. hopeana Costa J. nordmani (Rathke) Ligia italica Fabr. Gnathia oxyurae (Lilljeborg) Pseudione diogeni Popov Anisarthrus pelseneeri (Giard) Bopyrus squillarum (Latr.) Microniscus sp. ANISOPODA Apseudopsis ostroumowi Heterotanais gurney Leptochelia savignyi Tanais cavolini AMPHIPODA Orchomene humilis Bate Ampelisca diadema A. Costa Bathyporeya guilliamssoniana (Bate) Stenothoe monoculoides (Mont.) Perioculodes longimanus B. et West Synchelidium maculatum (Stebbin) Monoculoides gibbosus Chevreux Apherusa bispinosa (Bate) Nototropis guttatus (A. Costa) Gammarus locusta L. Gammarus marinus Leach G. olivi M. Edw. DECAPODA (continued) P. serratus (Pennant) P. adspersuss Rathke Crangon crangon (L.) Pontophilus trispinosus Hailston P. fasciatus (Risso) Homarus gammarus (L.) Processa edulis (Risso) Astacus leptodactylus Eisch. Upogebia pusilla (Petanga) Clibanarius erythrupus Latreille Diogenes pugilator (Roux) Macropipus holsatus Fabr. M. depurator (L.) Pilumnus hirtellus (L.) Callinectes sapidus (Rathbus) Eriphia verrucosa Forsc. Xantho poressa (Olivi) Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould.) Brachynotus sexdentatus Risso Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabr.) Pisidia longimana Risso Portumnus latipes (Pennant) Carcinus mediteraneus Czern. Macropipus arcuatus (Leach.) Macropodia longirostris (Fabr.) HALACARIDAE Rhombognathus magnirostris (Tr.) Rh. magnirostris ponticus Motas et Soarec Rh. notops (Gosse) Rh. pascens (Lohman) Halacarellus basteri (John.) H. hexacanthus Viets H. capuzinus (Lohm.) H. phreaticus Petrova H. subterraneus Schulz H. marcandrei Monniot H. procerus Viets Copidognathus fabricii (Lohm.) C. brachystomus Viets C. mucronatus Viets C. brevirostris Viets C. magnipalpus serratisetus Viets C. magnipalpus ponticus Viets C. extensus Viets C. rhodostigma (Gosse) C. ponteuxinus Viets C. ponteuxinus pectiniger Motas et Soarec C. tabelio (Troues.) C. tectiporus Viets Copidognathopsis oculatus (Hodge) C. gracillipes (Troues.) C. gracillipes quadrocostata (Tr.) Agaue chevreuxi (Tr.) Agauopsis brevipalpus (Troues.) DIPTERA-NEMATOCERA (continued) C. vitripennis Mg. Smittia duplicata Strenzke Thalassomya frauenfeldi Chin. Clunio ponticus Haliday Rheocricotopus foveata Edw. MOLLUSCA Loricata Lepidochiton cinerea (L.) Middendorffia caprearum (Scachi) Gastropoda Patella pontica Mil. Gibbula divaricata (L.) C. albida pontica Mil. Phasianella pontica Mil. Theodoxus pallasii L. Th. pilidei Mil. Litorina neritoides (L.) Hydrobia ventrosa (Montagu) Lithoglyphus naticoides Pf. Rissoa splendida Eichw. R. venusta Philippi R. euxina Mil. Micromelania lincta Mil. Adeorbis subcarinatus (Mont.) Coecum trachea (Mont.) C. tenue Mil. Cerithium ponticum Mil. Bittium reticulatum & Ceritiopsis tuberculatus (Mont.) Scalaria communis (Lam.) Eulima incurva (Renier) Turbonilla delicata Mont. Partenina costulata Mil. Odostomia rissoiformis Mil. Eulimella pointelli de Follin Calyptraea chinesis (L.) Trophonopsis breviatus Jeffr. Nassa reticulata (L.) Cyclonassa neritea (L.) C. kamischiensis (Chenu) C. brussinae Andr. Raphitoma fuscatum (Deshay.) Mangelia pontica Mil. Retusa truncatula-opima Mil. Cylichnina variabilis Mil. C. ovoides Mil. Alexia myosotis (Drap.) Rapana thomasiana Grosse Limapontia capitata (O.F.M.) Microchedyle tyrtovi (Kow.) Bryozoa Bowervankia imbricata (Adams) B. gracilis (Leydy) B. caudata (Hincks) Victorella pavida S. Kent Conopeum reticulum Harner Conopeus seurati (Cann) Electra pillosa (L.) E. zostericola (Nordm) E. crustulenta (Pallas) E. pontica Granch. Membranipora tenuis Desor Schisoporella linearis Hassall Lepralia pallassiana Moll. Phoronidea Phornois euxinicola S. Long

Dentostomina bermudiana Carman Massilina secans d'Orbigny Milliamina gronlandica Cushman Quiqueloculina pseudoseminula Mikhalevitch Rotaliidae Ehrenberg Rotalia perlucida Hern Allen et Earland R. soldanii d'Orbigny R. beccari Linne R. calcar d'Orbigny Discorbis vilardeboana d'Orbigny Discorbis sp. Ophthalmididae Cushman Wisnerella auriculata Egger Verneulinidae Cushman Egerella scabra Williamson Ammodiscidae Reuss Ammodiscus gulmarensis Hoglund A. intermedis Hoglund Glamaspira glomerata Hoglund Lituotuba nautiloides Brady Trochamminidae Schwager Trochamina intermedius Rumbler T. labiosa Hoglund Textulariidae Ehrenberg Textularia deltoidea Reuss PORIFERA Haliclona aqueductus O.Schm. H. densa (Bow) H. grossa Schm. H. implexa (Schm.) H. pallida Bwn. H. cinerea (Grandt) H. tubulifera Swartsch. H. flaverscen (Tops.) Cliona vastifica Hancock Dysidea fragilis (Mont.) Haliclonissa limbata (Mont.) Halichondria panicea (Pall.) Grella garcilis (Swartsch.) Lesodendronyx dactionoides (Cart.) Micale syrinx (O. Schm.) Microciona cleistochela (Tops.) Suberites prototypus (Swartsch.) Haliclonissa digitata Sch. Suberites carnosus (Johnst.) Sycon ciliatum (Fabr.) Tedania nigrescens (O. Schm.) Petrosia dura (Schm.) Parotoplanella progermaria Ax Polycistis minuta Ulj. P. negeli Knollner Postbursoplana fibulata Ax P. pontica Ax Prosthiostoma sophunculus D.Ch. Pseudomonocelis ophiocephala O. Schm. Rogneda polyrabdata Ax Stycoplana taurica Jak. Triporoplana synsiphonioides Ax NEMATHELMINTHES Nematoda Anoplostoma viviparus (Bast.) Anicoma acuminata (Eberth.) Axonolaimus ponticus (Fil.) A. setosus (Fil.) Bathylaimus assimilis (de Man) B. filipjevi Stoykov Chromadora quadrilinea (Fil.) Ch. bioculata M. Schulz Ch. crocophana (Fil.) Bathylaimus cobbi Fil. Camacolaimus pontolittoralis Uzunov Ceramonema anulata Fil. Chromadorita demaniana Fil. Ch. leuekarti (de Man) Chromadora sabulicola Fil. Ch. cricophana Fil. Ch. poecilosomoides Fil. Chromasrpirina pontica Fil. Comesoma stenocephalum Fil. Choanolaimus psammophilum Reiman Cyatholaimus demani Fil. C. coecus Bastian Desmoscolex bacescui Pal. et Endr. D. eurycricus Fil. D. laevis Kreis Desmodora pontica Fil. D. similis Algen Diplogaster rivalis Leid Dorylaimus filipjevi Gerlach D. otmanliensis Uzunov Dolicholaimus benepapilosus Schulz D. nudus Stekch. D. platonovae Stoykov Epsilonema postulatum ponticum Stoykov Enoploides sawelevi Fil. E. amphioxi Fil. E. alexandrae Uzunov E. cirratus Fil. E. brevis Fil. Enoplus schulzi Gerlach E. euxinus Fil. E. littoralis Fil. E. maeoticus Fil. Theristus oxycercus (de Man) Th. littoralis Fil. Th. longicaudata Fil. Tershellingia longicaudata de Man T. pontica Fil. T. antonovi Fil. Trilobus gracilis Bast. Tripyloides marinus (Butsch.) Viscosia cobbi Fil. V. minorb Bast. V. glabra Fil. KINORHYNCHA Echinoderes agigens Bacescu Centroderes spinosus (Reinchardt) Pycnophies ponticus (Reinchardt) P. kielensis Zelinka GASTROTRICHA Acanthodsys aculeatus Remane Aspidiophorus mediterraneus Remane Chaetonotus decipiens Remane Ch. maximus Ehrenberg Ch. pleurocanthus Remane Ch. similis Zelinka Dendrodasys ponticus Valkanov Heterolepidoderma marinum Remane Macrodasys africanus var. ponticus Valkanov Turbanella cornuta Remane T. pontica Valkanov Xenotrichula beauchampi Levi X. pygmaea Remane ROTATORIA Cephalodella auriculata (O.F.M.) C. catellina (Muller) Colurella adriatica Ehr. C. colurus Ehr. C. marinovi Althaus C. monodactylus Althaus Dicranophorus bulgaricus Althaus Diglena coenura Ehr. Encentrum arenarium Althaus E. psammophilus Althaus E. striatum Althaus E. marinum Dij. E. valkanovi Althaus Lecane althausi Rudescu Lepadella ovalis (Muller) L. pontica Althaus Monostyla lamellaris Daday M. cornuta O.F.M. Oecystus sp. Phyllodina cirina Ehr. Ph. roseola Ehr. Proales halophila Remane Capitomastus minimus (Langerh) Melinna palmata Gr. Terebellides stroemi Sars Fabricia sabella (Ehr.) Nephthys hombergii (Aud. et M. Edw.) Ophelia bicornis Cav. Phyllodoce mucosa Oerst. Nephthys cirrosa Ehlers Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel Spirorbis pusilla Rathke Nereis diversicolor O.F.M. ARCHIANNELIDA Protodrilus flavocapitatus (Uljanin) Nerilla antennata Schmidt Saccocirrus papillocercus Bobrezky Polygordius neapolitanus ponticus Zalensky Trilobodrilus heideri Remane Dinophilus gyrociliatus Schmidt OLIGOCHAETA Actedrilus monospermathecus Knollner Aelosoma hemprichi Ehr. Chaetogaster cristalinus Veid. Enchitreus albidus Henle Marionina achaeta (Hager) M. elongata (Leuckart) M. spicula (Leuckart) M. subterranea (Knollner) Nais communis Piguet N. elinguis O.F.M. N. pardalis Piguet Homochaeta naidina Bretscher Limnodrilus hofmeisteri (Clap.) L. udekeminus Clap. Paranais littoralis (Muller) Peloscolex benedeni (D'Udek.) P. swirenkoi (Jak.) Psamoryctes albicola (Michaelis.) Stylaria lacustris (L.) Rhizodrilus ponticus Hrabe Tubifex euxinus (Hrabe) ARTHROPODA Harpacticoida Longipediidae Canuellidae Ectinosomatidae D'Arcythompsoniidae Tachidiidae Harpacticidae Tisbidae Porcellidiidae Peltidiidae Tegastidae Aurila duboskyi Schorn. Cytheroma variabilis (G.W.M.) C. karadagiensis Dub. C. marinovi Schorn. Pontocytheroma arenaria Marinov Loxoconcha bulgarica Caraion L. pontica Klie L. rhomboidea (Fisher) L. eliptica Brady L. granulata G.O.S. L. aestuarii Marinov L. nana Marinov L. pennatus Schornikov Microloxoconcha marinovi Schornikov Paracytheridea pauli Dub. Hemicytherura bulgarica (Klie) Pseudocytherura pontica Dub. Levocytherura pontica (Marinov) L. remanei (Marinov) Semicytherura calamitica Schorn. S. euxinica (Caraion) S. virgata Schornikov Xestoleberis decipiens G.W.M. X. aurantiaca (Barid) X. cornelii Carion Microcythere varnensis Marinov M. longiantennata Marinov Parvocythere hartmanni Marinov Bythocythere turgida G.O.S. Sclerochilus gewemulleri Dub. S. dubowskyi Marinov Cytherois cepa Klie C. valkanovi Klie C. pseudovitera pseudovitera Dub. C. messambriensis Marinov C. carcinitica Marinov C. pontica Marinov Paradoxostoma intermedia G.W.M. P. pontica Klie P. simile G.W.M. P. convexum Schornikov P. quttatum Schornikov MYSIDACEA Seriella jaltensis Czern. Gastrosaccus sanctus (Van Beneden) Leptomysis sardica pontica (Czern.) Hemimysis anomala G.O.S. H. lamornae pontica (Czern.) Diamysis bahirensis meczikowi (Czern.) Limnomysis benedeni Czern. Mesopodopsis slabberi (V. Beneden) Paramysis kroyeri (Czern.) P. agigensis Bacescu P. pontica Bacescu Pontogammarus maeoticus (Sovw.) P. abreviatus borceai Car. Gammarellus carinatus Rathke Iphigenella andrusowii G.O.S. I. sablensis Carausu Megaluropus agilis Hoeck Melita palmata Mont. Cardiophilus baeri G.O.S. Chaetogammarus ischnus (Stebbing) Ch. major Carausu Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Eichw.) D. fluviatilis A. Martin D. villosus (Sow.) Pontigammarus robustoides (Grim.) Dexamine spinosa (Mont.) Orchestia gammarella (Pallas) O. montagui Audouin O. bottae M. Edw. Thalorchestia deshayesii (Aud.) Th. brito Stebbin Talitrus saltator (Mont.) Hyale perieri (Lucas) H. pontica Rathke H. prevostii (M. Edw.) Microdeutopus gryllotalpa A. Costa M. stationis Delle Valle M. damnoniensis (Bate) M. anomalus (Rathke) Coremapus versicualtus (Bate) Microprotopus longimanus Chevreux Megamphopus cornutus Norm. Biancolina cuniculus (Stebbing) Leptocheirus pilosus Zaddach Grubia crassicornis (A. Costa) Pleonexes gammaroides Bate Amphithoe vaillanti Leach Corophium bonelli (M. Edw.) C. crassicorne Brus C. curvispinum G.O.S. C. runcicorne Delle Valle C. volutator (Pallas) Jassa ocia (Bate) Erichthonius difformis (M. Edw.) Syphonocoetes dellavallei Stebbing Phthisica marina Slabber Pseudoprotella phasma (Mont.) Caprella acanthifera Leach C. ferox (Czern.) C. mitis Mayer C. danilewskii Czern. DECAPODA Hyppolite longirostris (Czern.) Athanas nitescens Leach Alpheus dentipes Guerin Palaemon elegans Rathke A. brevipalpus ponticus Chichkoff A. brevipalpus marinovi Petrova Actacarus pygmaeus Schulz Lomanella falcata (Hodge) Acarochelopodia delamarei Angelier HYDRACHNELLAE Pontarachna valkanovi PANTPODA Callipalene phantoma Tanystylum conirostre TARDIGRADA Batilipes mirus Richters Helechiniscus guiteli Richters Echiniscoides sigismundi (M. Schultze) Stygarctus bradypus Schultze Hypsibius stenostomus Richters INSECTA Collembola Onychiurus fimata Gisin Archisotoma besselsi (Pacard) Friesea acuminata Denis Seira ferrari Parona DIPTERA Diptera-Brachycera Aphrosilus furcipennis Str. Aph. venator Loew Aph. piscator Lichrwardt Canace salonitana Strobl Ephydra athica Becker Eph. bivitata Loew Fucomya frigida F. Malacomya sciomyzona Halid. Hecamede albicans Maeig. Leptocera brachystoma Czern. Fucelia tergina Zetterstedt Tetina griseola V. d. Vulp. Tetina cinerea Loew Diptera-Nematocera Chironomus salinarius Kieff. Ch. plumosus (L.) Ch. halophilus Kieff. Polypedilum gr. nubeculosum Mg. P. pharao Kieff. Tanytarsus halochloris Edw. Crocotopis silvestris Fabr. C. ornatus Mg. C. algarum Kieff. C. varians (Staeger) Pseudovermes paradoxa Perej. Styliger bellulus Embletonia pulchra Ald. Lamellibranchia Cunearca cornea (Reeve) Modioala adriatica Lam. M. phaseolina (Phil.) Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. Mytilaster lineatus pontica Mil. M. monterosatoi Dautz Pecten ponticus B.D.D. Ostrea taurica Krinz. O. sublamellosa Mil. Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) D. distincta Andr. Divaricella divaricata (L.) Loripes lacteus (L.) Cardium edule (L.) C. simile (Mil.) C. exiguum Gmelin C. paucicostatum (Sowerby) Monodacna colorata Eichw. Adacna plicata relicta Mil. Gouldia minima (Mont.) Meretrix rudis Poli Venus gallina L. Tapes rugatus B.D.D. T. lineatus Mil. T. discrepans Mil. T. proclivus Mil. Irus irus (L.) Petricola lithophaga (Retz.) Mesodesma cornea Poli. Mactra subtruncata var. triangula Ren. Donax julianae Andr. D. venustus Poli. Syndesmya alba Wood S. fragilis (Risso) S. ovata (Philippi) Gastrana fragilis L. Tellina exigua Poli T. fabula propinqua Mil. T. donacina L. Solen vagina L. Mya arenaria L. Corbulomya maeotica Mil. Pholas dactylus L. Teredo navalis L. Barnea candida pontica Mil. Thracia papyracea (Poli) TENTACULATA Entoprocta Barenia benedeni Urnatella gracilis Echinocermata Stereoderma kirschberi (Heller) Leptosynapta inchaerens (O. Mller) Ostergrenia thomsoni (Herapath) O. digitata (Montagu) Amphiura stepanovi Dijakonov CHORDATA Ascidiacea Ascidiella aspersa Mll. Ciona intestinalis L. Botrylus schlosseri Sav. Eugyra adriatica Drasche Ctenicella appendiculata (Heller) Molgula euprocta Drasche

Bibliography

Zooplankton

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Dimoff, I. 1961. Sur le Rhythme Nyctemeral de la Nutrition Chez l'Anchois (Engraulis encrasicholus ponticus Alex) et le Sprat (Spratus spratus sulinus Antipa). Bull. Inst. Centr. Rech. Sci. Piscicult. et la Peche, Varna; I, 79-93. [abs. French.]

Dimoff, I. 1962. La Faune Planctonique du Littoral Occidental de la Mer Noire pendant la Periode 1957-1959. Ibid. II, 5-27. [abs. French.]

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Dimoff, I. 1965. Certain Quantitative Correlations between the Zooplankton and Sprat (Spratus spratus sulinus Antipa) in the Black Sea, off the Bulgarian Coast. IBID. VI, 49-62. [abs. English.].

Dimoff, I. 1965. Bulgarische Untersuchungen des SchwarzMeer zooplanktons. Ozeanologie V, 487-494.

Dimoff, I. 1965. Distribution Verticale des Cladocera en Mer Noire et en Mediteranee Selon l'Ecologie. Rapports et Proces: Verbaux des Reunions de la C.I.E.S.M.M.; XVIII 399-401.

Dimoff, I. 1966. Zooplankton on the Western Shores of the Black Sea in 1960-1964. Bull. Inst. Centr. Rech. Sci. Pecherie, Oceanogr., Varna; VII, 45-68. [abs. English.].

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Dimoff, I. 1967. Quelques Regles Fondamentales Presidant a la Dynamique Saisonniere et Annuelle du Zoo-plancton en Mer Noire, au Large des Costes Bulgares. Bull. de l'Inst. Zool. et Musee; XXV, 129-142. [abs. French].

Dimoff, I. 1967. Jahreszeitliche und Jahrliche Dynamik der Biomasse des Zooplanktons in Einigen Seen an der Bulgarischen Schwarzmeerkuste. Bull. Inst. Rech. Sci. Pecherie, Oceanogr., Varna VIII. abs. [abs. Bulgarian.]

Dimoff, I. 1968. Sur la Repartition Verticale du Copepoda Predominants dans la Mer Noire. Comm. Int. Mer Mediter. XIX, 3.

Dimoff, I. 1968. Der Einflub der Donau auf die Entwicklung und Verteilung des Zooplanktons vor der Westkuste des Schwartzen Meeres. Limmol. Ber. der X. Jubilaumstagung. Donauforsch., Bulgarien. Okt. 1966, 365-367. [abs. Bulgarian.]

Dimoff, I. 1969. Einige Quantitatsabhangigkteiten Zwischen der Biomasse des Zooplanktons und der Sardelle (Engrauilus encrasicholus ponticus Alex.), die im Schwarzen Meer vor der Bulgarishen Kuste Gefangen Wird. Bull. Inst. Rech. Sci. Pecherie, Oceanogr., Varna IX. [abs. French].

Dimoff, I. & Margaritoff, N. 1969. Bemerkungen uber die Entwicklung der Contracoecum aduncum (Rudolphi 1802). Annuaire de l'Universite Sofia; 60. [abs. German.]

Dimoff, I. & Marinoff, T. & Konsuloff, A. 1969. Einige Hydrologische und Hydrobiologische Eigenheiten im Nordwestabschnitt des Varna Sees und des Abkuhlungs Systems des Warmekraftwerkes "Varna" im Jahre 1968.

Dimoff, I., Marinoff, T., Dobrevska, Sl. & Konsuloff, A. 1969. Einflub der Erhohten Temperatur, Schwefel-wasserstoff und Chlorgehalt auf den Aufwuchs des Abkuhlungssystems des Warmedraft- Werkes "Varna" bei Laboratoriums Bedingungen.

Dimoff, I., Marinoff, T. & Konsuloff, A. 1969. Zeidauer der Anheftung von Balanus Improvisus und Merthierella Enigmatica in Abhangigkeit von der Wassertemperatur.

Konsuloff, A. 1971. Vertical Distribution of the Zooplankton in the Varna Lake. Proc. of the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries; 1970-1971, 89-99. [abs. English.].

Konsuloff, A. 1972. Study on Bulgarian Fauna. Annuaire de l'Universite Sofia; 17. [abs. Bulgarian.].

Konsuloff, A. 1974. Device for Collecting Quantitative Horizontal Samples of Zooplankton. Proc. of the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries; 1974, XIII, 129-131. [abs. English.].

Konsuloff, A. 1974. Seasonal and Annual Dynamics of Zooplankton in the Black Sea Coast in the 1967-1970 Period. Proc. of the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries; 1974, XII, 64-78. [abs. English.].

Konsuloff, A. 1975. Trophic Dependence of Sprat: Sprattus sprattus sulinus (Antipa) Distribution. Proc. of Institute of Fisheries Varna; 14, 71-82. [abs. English.]

Konsuloff, A. 1976. Zooplankton in the Black Sea along the Bulgarian Coast. Candidate Dissertation. Proc. of Institute of Fisheries Varna; 1-205. [abs. Bulgarian.].

Konsuloff, A. 1976. Influence of Zooplanktonon the Distribution of Sprat along the Bulgarian Coast. Commercial Fisheries; 8, 12-14. [abs. Bulgarian.].

Konsuloff, A. 1977. On the Vertical Distribution of Zooplankton of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Proc. of Institute of Fisheries Varna; 15, 67-82. [abs. English.].

Konsuloff, A. 1978. On the Autumnal Distribution of the Sprat Spratus spratus salinus (Antipa) of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Proc. of Institute of Fisheries Varna; 16, 51-69. [abs. English.].

Konsuloff, A. 1980. Storm Proof Floating Structure for Mussel and Oyster Farming. Proc. of Institute of Fisheries Varna; 18, 34-82. [abs. English.].

Konsuloff, A. 1980. Distribution of Larvae and Mussels in the Black Sea Along the Bulgarian Coast. Commercial Fisheries; 3, 24-25. [abs. Bulgarian.].

Konsuloff, A. 1983. Variants of the "Star" Device for Mussels Breeding. Proc. of Institute of Fisheries Varna; 20, 153-160. [abs. English.].

Konsuloff, A. 1984. Influence of Noctiluca miliaris on Eutrophication in the Shallow Shelf. Commercial Fisheries; 3, 17-19. [abs. Bulgarian.].

Konsuloff, A. 1986. Influence of Inshore-Offshore Phenomena on the Distribution of the Zooplankton in Front of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: Oceanology. [abs. English.].

Konsuloff, A. 1986. Seasonal and Annual Dynamics of Zooplankton in the Black Sea along the Bulgarian Coast for the 1974-1984 Period. Oceanology; 16, 23-33. [abs. English.].

Konsuloff, A. 1990. Lencotea multicornis Eschckoltz: New Species for the Black Sea. Oceanology; 19, 98-99. [abs. Bulgarian.]

Konsuloff, A. 1990. Daily Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in the Bulgarian Black Sea Coastal Region. Oceanology; 19, 35-48. [abs. English.].

Konsuloff, A. 1992. Zooplankton Structure and Distribution in the Bulgarian Black Sea Coastal Eutrophicated Zone in Summer 1991. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit; 33, 256-258. [abs. French].

Michailova-Neyckova, M. 1961. Hydrobiological Studies on the Mandrensko Lake with Regard to it's Exploitation for Fisheries. Annuaire de l'Universite Sofia; 53, I. 57-122. [abs. Bulgarian.].

Nechaev, A. 1936. Some Ichthyological and Biological Observations. Travaux de la Station Ichthiologique, Sozopol, Bulgarie; 5, 13-26.

Nechaev, A. 1936. Some Ichthyological and Biological Observations. Travaux de la Station Ichthiologique, Sozopol, Bulgarie; 5 & 6, 24-31. [abs. English.].

Nechaev, A. Chernev. St. 1938. Second Contribution to the Study of Streams along the Western Coast of the Black Sea (The Devil Stream). Travaux de la Station Ichthiologique, Sozopol, Bulgarie; 7,14 [abs. French].

Paspalev, G. 1934. Uber das Vorkomen von Thaumantias maeotica Ostr. in Golf von Varna. Internat. Hydrobiol. und Hydrogr.; 31, 26-32.

Paspalev, G. 1942. Beitrag zur Erforschung des Varna: Golfs und des Varna Sees. Arbeiten aus der Biologischen Meeresstation in Varna; 10, 11-14.

Paspalev, G. 1938. On the Development of Phizostoma pulmo Agassis. Arbeiten aus der Biologischen Meeresstation in Varna (Bulgarien); 7, 8-14. [abs. Bulgarian.].

Roussev, B. and Dimoff, I. Qualitative and Quantitative Study on Zooplankton in the Bay of Bulgaria. Proc. of the Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanology 1966; I, 79-108.

Stanchev, V. 1940. Podocoryne carnea Sars in the Bay of Varna and it's Capability to Live Outside the Water. Arbeiten aus der Biologischen Meeresstation in Varna (Bulgarien); 9, 19-23. [abs. Bulgarian.].

Stoyanoff, S. 1953. Black Sea Groats. Bulgarian Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; 3, 1-82. [abs. Bulgarian.].

Stoyanoff, S. 1960. State of Black Sea Sprat Availability along the Bulgarian Coast during the 1945-1950 and 1955-1959. Arbeiten des Zentralen Forschung Institute fur Fischzucht und Fisherei Varna; 3, 22-48.

Stoyanoff, S. 1966. Reproduction and Modelling of Black Sea Sprat Availability Spratus spratus sulinus (Antipa). Scientific Research Institute of Fishery and Oceanology; 7, 29-38. [abs. Bulgarian.].

Stoyanoff, S. 1967. Biological Characteristics of Stripe Fish Engraulis engrasicholus ponticus Alex. Scientific Research Institute of fishery and Oceanology; 8, 48-52. [abs. Bulgarian.].

Valkanov, A. 1934. Contribution to the Hydrofauna in Bulgaria. Annuaire de l'Universite Sofia; 34, 43-46. [abs. German.]

Valkanov, A. 1937-1938. Review of the Hydrozoan Family Moerisidae. Annuaire de l'Universite Sofia; 34, 52-57. [abs. German.]

Valkanov, A. 1950. Notes on Ostroumovia maeotica (OSTR.). Arbeiten aus der Biologischen Meeresstatioon in Varna (Bulgarien); 15, 14-18. [abs. German.]

Valkanov, A. 1957. Catalogue of Our Black Sea Fauna. Arbeiten aus der Biologischen Meeresstatioon in Varna (Bulgarien); 19, 22-40. [abs. German.]

Zoobenthos

Apostolov, A. 1970. "Katalog der Harpacticoiden Fauna Bulgariens." Zool. Anz., 184, 5/6: 412-417.

Apostolov, A. 1971. "Recherches sur la Systematique et la Distribution de Copepodes Harpacticoides de la Cote Bulgare." Zool. Anz., 186, 5/6: 337-347.

Apostolov, A. 1974. "Copepodes Harpacticoides de la Mer Noire." Trav. Mus. hist. nat. "Gr. Antipa", 15: 130-139.

Apostolov, A. 1975. "Les Harpacticoides de la Mer Noire. Description de Quelques Formes Nouvelles." Vie et Mil., 25/1/A: 165-178.

Apostolov, A. 1977. "Harpacticoides Nouveaux de la Mer Noire et de la Faune Bulgare." Acta zool. bulg., 7: 8 - 21.

Apostolov, A. & Marinov, T. 1988. " Fauna Bulgarica 18, Copepoda, Harpacticoida." Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Publishing House. [abs. Bulgarian.].

Ax, P. 1959. "Zur Systematic, Okologie und Tiergeographic der Turbellarien Fauna in den Ponto-Kaspischen Brackwassermeeren." Zool. Anz., 87, 1/2: 43-184.

Beshovsky, V. 1964. "Dipterous of the Littoral Area of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Bulletin de l'Institut de pisciculture et de Pecherie, 4: 91-98. [abs. English.].

Beshovsky, V. 1975. "The Black Sea Coast Inundated by Wares and its Dipterous Fauna (Diptera, Brachycera)." Hydrobiology, 2: 3-18. [abs. English.].

Bulgurkov, K. 1968."Occurrence of Callinectea sapidus Rathbun (Crustacea-Decapoda) in Black Sea." Proc. of the Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography Varna, 9: 97-99. [abs. English.].

Bulgurkov, K. 1968a. "Food and Distribution of the Com-mercial Turbot, Rhombus maeoyicua (Pallas) During 1964-1966." Proc. of the Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography Varna, 9: 57-84. [abs. English.].

Bulgurkov, K. 1973. "Finding of Alpheus dentipes Guerin (Crust., Dec.) Along the Bulgarian Coast of the Black Sea." Proc. of the Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography Varna, 12: 103-105. [abs. English.].

Caspers, H. 1951. "Quantitative untersuchungen uber die Bodentierwelt des Schwarzen Meeres im Bulgarischen Kustenbereich." Arch. Hydrob., 45: 1-192.

Chichkoff, G. 1912. "Contribution a l'Etude de la Faune de la Mer Noire. Animaux Recoltes sur les Cotes Bulgares." Arch. zool., exp. gen., 10, 2: 29-39.

Czapic, A. 1952. "Untersuchungen uber die Infusorien und Rotatorien des Kustengrundwassers und des Sandbodens der Stalin-Bucht." Arb. Biolog. Meeresst., 17: 1-6.

Detscheva, R. 1980. "Composition et Reparation des Cilies Mesopsamiques des Plages Bulgares." Hydrobiology, 11: 28-38.

Detsheva, R. 1983. "Contribution sur la Faune des Cilies Mesopsamiques des Quelques Plages Bulgares et Celle des Rivieres qui se Jettent dans la Mer." Hydrobiology, 18: 64-76.

Golemansky, V. 1974. "Sur la Composition et la Distribution Horizontale de l'Association Thecamebienne des Eaux Souterraines." Bull. Inst. Zool. et Musee, 40: 195-202.

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. 1960a. "Materials to the Study of the Mollusc Fauna in the Black Sea at the Bulgarian Shores." Travaux de l'Institut de Recherches Scientifiques sur la Peche et les Industries s'y Rattachant Varna, 2: 146-172. [abs. English.].

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. 1960b. "Researches on Zoobenthos of the Bay of Varna in Respect of Mollusca and Malacostraca." Travaux de l'Institut de Recherches Scientifiques sur la Peche et les Industries s'y Rattachant Varna, 2: 173-194. [abs. English.].

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. 1960c. "Higher Crustaceans in Mussel Overgrowths in the gulf of Varna." Bulletin de l'Institut Zoologique de l'Academie des Sciences de Bulgarie, 9: 399-404. [abs. English.].

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. 1961. "Contribution a l'Etude des Cumacees de la Mer Noire devant le Littoral Bulgare." Arbeiten des Zentralen Forschungsinstitutes fur Fischrucht und Fisherei Varna, 1: 221-228. [abs. French].

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. 1962. "Repartition des Mollusques de la Mer Noire dans les Eaux Littoral les Bulgares." Bulletin de l'Institut Central de Recherche Scientifique de la Pisciculture et de Pecherie Varna, 2: 67-79.

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. 1964. "On the Amphipod Fauna of the Black Sea Along the Bulgarian Coast and in the Area Near the Bosphorua." Bulletin de l'Institut de Pisciculture et de Pecherie, 4: 73-89. [abs. English.].

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. 1968. "Une Nouvelle Espece pour la Faune de la Mer Noire: Cheirocratus sundevalli (Rathke), Amphipoda, Gammaroidea." Proc. of the Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography Varna, 9: 93-96. [abs. French].

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. 1972. "A Contribution to the Study of the Amphipodus Fauna in the Black Sea Coast Lakes and River Mouths." Bulletin de l'Institut de Zoologie et Musee, 35: 165-178. [abs. English.].

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. 1973. "The Amphipod Fauna of the Biocenosis in Algal Encrustment off the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Proceeding of the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries Varna, 12: 87-96. [abs. English.].

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. 1974. "Dinamique des Amphipodes de la Biocenose des Algues dans le Golfe de Varna." Proceeding of the Research Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 8: 63-75. [abs. French].

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. & Marinov, T. 1960a. "Nourriture de Quelques Poissons Benthophaques." Travaux de l'Institut de Recherches Scientifiques sur la peche et les Industries s'y Rattachant-Varna, 2: 41-71. [abs. French].

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. & Marinov, T. 1960b. "Verteilung des Zoobenthos vor der Bulgarischen Schwarzmeerkuste." Arbeiten des Zentralen Forschungsinstitutes furischzucht und Fischerei Varna, 3: 117-161. [abs. German.]

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. & Marinov, T. 1962. "Seasonal Dynamics of the Zoobenthos Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Bulletin de l'Institut Central de Recherche Scientifique de Pisciculture et de Pecherie Varna, 2: 29-42. [abs. English.].

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. & Marinov, T. 1963. "The Food of Certain Species of the Family of Gobiidae (Pisces) Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Bulletin de l'Institut Central de Recherche Scientifique de Pisciculture et de Pecherie Varna, 3: 149-172. [abs. English.].

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. & Marinov, T. 1967. "Distribution of Black Sea Mussel and the State of the Mussel Catches Along the Bulgarian Coast." Proc. of the Re-search Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, 8: 71-79. [abs. English.].

Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. & Marinov, T. 1977. "The Zoobenthos in the Cystoryr Biocenosis." Hydrobiology, 6: 75-88. [abs. English.].

Karapetkova, M. 1962. "Nourriture du Turbot Press du Littoral Bulgarie." Bulletin de l'Institut Central de Recherche Scientifique de la Pisciculture et de Pecherie Varna, 2: 180-206. [abs. French].

Klie, W. 1937. "Ostracoden und Harpacticoiden aus Brackigen Gewassern an der Bulgarischen Kuste des Schwarzen Meeres." Mitt. Konigl. Naturwiss. Inst., 10: 1-42.

Konsoulova, T. 1978. "Turbellaria from the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Proc. of Institute of Fisheries Varna, 16: 87-102. [abs. English.].

Konsoulova, T. 1984. "Studies on the Growth of Mussel Mutilus galloprovincialis LAM. in Culture Conditions on Storm-proof Floating Systems in Cape Kaliakra Zone." Proc. of Institute of Fisheries Varna, 21: 119-141. [abs. English.].

Konsoulova, T. 1985. "Biological Bases for Mutilus galloprovincialis LAM. Cultivation." Ph.D. in Bulgarian Institute of Fisheries Varna.

Konsoulova, T. 1988. "Reproduction and Development of Cultivated Mussels (Mutilus galloprovincialis Lam.) in the Black Sea near the Bulgarian Coast. Hydrobiology, 33: 75-86. [abs. English.].

Konsoulova, T. 1990. "Attaching of Mutilus galloprovincialis Lam. on Artificial Substrates in front of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Oceanology, 19: 63-73. [abs. English.].

Konsoulova, T. 1991. "Ecological Issues Related to Living Resources along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." In: Country Profiles and Scientific Working Group Reports for the Black Sea, edited by D. Aubrey. A (in print); Paris: IOC/MRI.

Konsoulova, T. 1992a. "Mussel Mutilus galloprovincialis Lam. (Bivalia) Natural Resources along the Northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in Relation to Rapana thomasiana Grosse (Gastropoda) Distribution." Proc. of Institute of Oceanology Varna, Bulg. Acad. Sci., 1: 104-109.

Konsoulova, T. 1992b. "Seasonal Structure and Ecological Status of Varna Bay (Black Sea) Sandy and Muddy Macrozoobenthic Cenoses." Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Medit., 33: 42.

Konsoulova, T. 1992c. "Macrozoobenthic Communities Present State in Varna and Beloslav Lakes Adjacent to Black Sea." Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Medit, 33: 43.

Konsoulova, T. 1993. Marine Macrozoobenthic Communities Structure and Ecological Status in Relation to Some Environmental Factors. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Bulg., 5 (46) (in press).

Konsoulova, T., Konsoulov, A. & Moncheva, S. 1991. "Ecological Characteristic of Varna Bay (Black Sea) Coastal Ecosystem under Summer "Bloom" Conditions". Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Bulg., 44/8: 113-117.

Marinov, T. 1959a. "Sur la Faune de Polychetes des Amas de Moules de la Mer Noire." Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Bulg., 12: 443-446.

Marinov, T. 1959b. "On the Finding of Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel (Polychaeta) Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Bulletin de l'Institut Zoologique de l'Academie des Sciences de Bulgarie, 9: 405-409. [abs. English.].

Marinov, T. 1959c. "Beitrag zur Erforschung der Polychaten Fauna der Bulgarischen Schwarzmeerkuste." Bulletin de l'Institut Zoologique de l'Academie des Sciences de Bulgarie, 8: 84-104. [abs. German.]

Marinov, T. 1962. "Uber die Muschelkrebs Fauna des Westlichen Schwarzmeerstrandes." Bulletin de l'Institut Central de Recherche Scientifique de la Pisciculture et de Pecherie Varna, 2: 82-108. [abs. German.]

Marinov, T. 1963. "Uber die Polychaten Faune der Sandciozonose vor der Bulgarischen Schwarzmeerkuste." Bull. de l'Institut Zool. de l'Acad. des Sci. de Bulg., 3: 61-78. [abs. German.]

Marinov, T. 1964a. "Untersuchungen uber die Ostracoden Fauna des Schwarzen Meeres." Kiel. Meeresf., 20/1: 82-91.

Marinov, T. 1964b. "Zwei Unbekannte Ostracoda aus dem Schwarzen Meer." Bull. de l'Inst. Zool. et Musee, 18: 193-198. [abs. German.]

Marinov, T. 1964c. "Composition and Features of the Polychaetous Fauna off the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Bull. de l'Inst. de Zool. et Musee, 17: 79-107. [abs. English.].

Marinov, T. 1967. "Le Specie del Genera Leptochthere (Ostrakoda) del Litorale Bulgaro del Mar Nero." Publ. zool. Staza Napoly, 35: 274-285.

Marinov, T. 1968. "Petitia amphophthalma Siewing: une Nouvelle Polychaete de la Mer Noire." Proc. of the Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography Varna, 9: 89-92. [abs. French].

Marinov, T. 1971. "Harpacticoides of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Proc. of Institute of Oceanography and Fischeries Varna, 11: 43-87. [abs. English.].

Marinov, T. 1972/1973. "Quelques Harpacticoides Psammophilies pour le Bassin de la Mer Noire." Vie et Mil., 22/2, A: 309-326.

Marinov, T. 1973. "Quelques Especes de la Famille Ameridae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) dans la Mer Noire." Crustaceana, 24/2: 231-241.

. Marinov, T. 1974. "Supplement to the Study of the Harpacticoid Fauna from the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Proc. of the Research Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 8: 77-92. [abs. English.].

Marinov, T. 1975. "Peculiarities of the Meiobenthos from the Sandy Pseudolittoral and the Ground Water of a Sandy Beaches." Proc. of Institute of Fisheries, 14: 103-135. [abs. English.].

Marinov, T. 1977. Fauna Bulgarica 6, Polychaeta. In Bulgarian. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Publishing House.

Marinov, T. 1978a. "Natural Resources of Mutilus galloprovincialis Lam. Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Commercial Fishery, 5: 4-5. In Bulgarian.

Marinov, T. 1978b. "Qualitative Composition and Quantitative Distribution of the Meiobenthos of the Bulgarian Black Sea Waters." Proc. of Institute of Fisheries, 16: 35-49. [abs. English.].

Marinov, T. 1980. "On the Qualitative Composition and Quantitative Distribution of the Meiobenthos of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast II." Proc. of Institute of Fisheries, 18: 85 - 93. [abs. English.].

Marinov, T. 1990. The Zoobenthos from the Bulgarian Sector of the Black Sea. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Publishing House. [abs. English.].

Marinov, T. & Apostolov, A. 1983. "Zoogeography and Ecology of the Black Sea Harpacticoids." Proc. of Institute of Fisheries, 20: 135-144. [abs. English.].

Marinov, T. et Golemansky, V. 1988. "Etat Actuel des Connaisances sur la Faune Benthique du Secteur Bulgare de la Mer Noire." Rapp. Comm. int. Mer. Medit, 31 (2): 19.

Marinov, T.& Golemansky, V. 1989. "Second Supplement to the Catalogue of the Bulgarian Black Sea Fauna." Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 37: 3-33. [abs. English.].

Marinov, T. & V. Kaneva-Abadjieva, V. 1982. "The Zoobenthos of the Upper Zone of Sublittoral Sandy Bot-tom in the Bay of Varna." Proc. of Institute of Fisheries, 19: 107-116. [abs. English.].

Marinov, T., Stoykov, S. & Barek, M. 1983. "Varna Bay Sublittoral Soft Bottom Zoobenthos." Proc. of Institute of Fisheries, 20: 109-133. [abs. English.].

Marinov, T. & Stoykov, S. 1990. "Seasonal Studies on the Zoobenthos in the Bulgarian Black Sea Shelf." Oceanology, 19: 49-62. [abs. English.].

Marinov, T., Stoykov, S. & LI. N. 1989. "Characteristics of Zoobenthos in the Bourgas Bay." Oceanology, 18: 52-60. [abs. English.].

Netchaeff, A. et Tcherneff, S. 1938. "Quelques Donnees sur la Caractere et la Repartition de la Moule Mutilus galloprovincialis Lam. pres de la Cote Bulgare." Travaux de la Station Ichtiologique Sozopol, Bulgaire, 7: 57-72. [abs. French].

Paspalev, G. 1933. "Hidrobiologische Unteruchungen uber den Golf von Varna." Arb. Biol. Meeresst. in Varna, 2: 29-32.

Paspalev, G. 1935. "Hidrobiologische Unteruchungen uber den Golf von Varna II." Arb. Biol. Meeresst. in Varna, 4: 1-10.

Petrova, A. 1972. "Sur Quelques Haracarient Trouves dans le Littoral de la Mer Noire." Acarologia, 14/4: 581-590.

Stoykov, S. 1975. "On the Biology of Orchestia bottae (M. Edw.) (Amphipoda, Gammaridae)." Hydrobiology, 2: 80-88. [abs. English.].

Stoykov, S. 1977. "Free-living Nematodes New for Our Black Sea Fauna." Proc. of Institute of Fisheries, 15: 107-113. [abs. English.].

Stoykov, S. 1978. "Qualitative Zusammensetzung und Quantitative Verbreitung der Freilebenden Meeres Nematoden der Bulgarischen Schwarzmeerkuste." Proc. of Inst. of Fish., 16: 103-115. [abs. German.]

Stoykov, S. 1980. "Free-living Nematoda off the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Ph.D. In Bulgarian. Institute of Fisheries.

Stoykov, S. 1982. "On the Distribution of the Soft Muddy Bottom Free-living Marine Nematodes along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Proc. of Institute of Fisheries, 19: 177-126. [abs. English.].

Stoykov, S. 1988. "Free-living Nematoda from the Bulgarian Black Sea Shelf Area." Oceanology, 17: 38-43. [abs. English.].

Svetkov, Z. & Marinov, T. 1986. "Faunistic Enrichment of the Black Sea and Changes in its Benthic Ecosystems." Hydrobiology, 27: 3-21. [abs. English.].

Uzunov, I. 1974. "Two New Species of Free-living Nematodae from Bulgarian Black Sea Littoral." Compt. Rend. Acad. Bulg. Sci., 27/6: 843-845.

Uzunov, I. 1977a. "Distribution of Interstitial Nematodes in the Capillary Horizon of Some Bulgarian Black Sea Beach." Hydrobiology, 15: 183-191.

Uzunov, I. 1977b. "New Data on Interstitial Nematodes from Bulgarian Black Sea Coast with Description of Comacolaimus pontolittoralis sr.n." Acta. zool. bulg., 8: 32-37.

Valkanova, H. 1981. "Recent Foraminiferas (Rhizopodea, Foraminiferida) in Front of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 18: 3-14. [abs. English.].

Valkanov, A. 1935. "Notizen uber die Brackwasser Bulgariens 1." Annuaire de l'Universite de Sofia III, 31: 249-303. [abs. German.]

Valkanov, A. 1938. "Ubersicht der Europaischen Vertretern der Gattung iaera Leach 1813 (Isopoda gennisima)." Annuaire de l'Universite de Sofia II, 34: 53-78. [abs. German.]

Valkanov, A. 1953a. "Die Tardigraden des Schwarzen-Meeres." Arbeiten aus der Biologischen Meeresstation in Stalin (Bulgarien), 48: 59-61. [abs. German.]

Valkanov, A. 1953b. "Beitrag zur Kenntnis Unserer Schwarzmeer-Fauna." Arbeiten aus der Biologischen Meeresstation in Stalin (Bulgarien), 48: 49-53. [abs. German.]

Valkanov, A. 1955. "Katalog Unserer SchwarzMeer Fauna." Arbeiten aus der Biologischen Meeresstation in Varna, 19: 1-62. [abs. German.]

Valkanov, A. 1970. "Beitrage zur Kennthis der Protozoen des Schwarzen Meeres." Zool. Anz. 184, 3/4: 241-290.

Valkanov, A. und Marinov, T. 1964. Nachtrag zum Kataog der Bulgarischen SchwarzMeerFauna." Bulletin de l'Institut de Zoologie et Musee, 17: 51 9. [abs. German.]

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