Insects of Bulgaria, Part 1: Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Homoptera (Auchenorrhyncha), Heteroptera, Coleoptera

Vasil Gueorguiev , Venelin L. Beshovski, Boris K. Russev, Krasimir P. Kumanski, Michail V. Josifov, and Vladimir P. Sakalian

Summary

The orders of insects described in this paper are some of the most ancient representatives of the class Insecta, and among the most numerous families and species of the contemporary fauna. Together they encompass 37% of the insect fauna in Bulgaria. Scientific research on them began in the last century and they have since been extensively studied. This paper includes current information on the total number of the established families and species in the Bulgarian fauna, the number of endemic, rare, and relict species, and the degree to which each order has been investigated in Bulgaria. Although these insect groups have been thoroughly studied in faunistic terms, there are areas of Bulgaria that have not been investigated enough and that should be subject to future research. These areas are specified within this report.

Special attention is paid to rare, endemic, and relict species. The percentage of rare species is highest in Plecoptera (29%) and Odonata (26.6%). The percentage of endemic species is highest in Plecoptera (25%) and Ephemeroptera (11.8%). Heteroptera has the highest percentage of relict species (7.2%). Areas where the most unique communities occur are indicated. Most are in the high mountains, along the Black Sea coast, and in the southwestern part of Bulgaria (mainly the southern Strouma River valley). For each order, areas of special interest and environmental importance are indicated. These are primarily refugia where large numbers of relict species of glacial origin or troglobionts are concentrated.

The sensitivity of the different orders to anthropogenic forces is discussed at length. The most sensitive to such influences are almost all the Odonata and Plecoptera species, as well as Coleopteran troglobionts. Areas containing the most representative samples of biodiversity in the different orders also are indicated. Most of these areas are located in the mountains, mainly in the Rilas, Pirins, Vitosha, and the Western Rhodopes.

A great deal of concrete data are presented regarding existing threats to the survival of biotypes of the different orders. The most endangered ecosystems are identified, along with the regions where they are situated, and the specific factors that threaten to destroy or totally extinguish them. Specific recommendations for preserving the species composition of the listed orders are offered. Based on concrete data on the presence of large number of endemic, rare, and relict species, proposals are made for new protected areas (national parks and reservations). It is also recommended that a red data book of Bulgarian invertebrate fauna, including insects, be developed and issued soon.

A Brief History Of Entomological Research

Research on the insect orders described in this paper began at different times. The first investigations date back to the beginning of the last century and were carried out by foreign zoologists. Several expeditions organized by the Hungarian zoologist Imre Frivaldszky in the first half of the last century examined different regions of Bulgaria. The materials gathered on these expeditions enabled us to discover the first endemic species of the Bulgarian fauna - several species in different families of Coleoptera. (Many of these species - for example, Carabus versucolor, Carabus cavernosus, Cardiophorus hinkei, and Dorcadion sturmi - are still considered Bulgarian and Balkan endemics). By the end of the last century many foreign zoologists and entomologists were visiting Bulgaria. Their interest focused mainly on the Coleoptera; most of the entomology publications issued before the beginning of this century involved this order.

The first investigations on Heteroptera date back to the end of the last century. The first article, written by the Hungarian Gena Horvath, was published in 1890. At about the same time, research began on Odonata (the first publication was written by the Bulgarian zoologist Georgy Hristovich in 1892), and on Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera (the first publication on the two orders was written by the Czech entomologist Frantishek Klapek in 1894). The investigations on Homoptera were the last to begin, with the first publications written by the Bulgarian entomologists Nikola Nedelkov (1908) and Dimitar Yoakimov (1909).

At this point, over 1500 monographs and scientific papers on the different insect orders have been published. For some of these orders (Odonata, Plecoptera, and Coleoptera), the publications have been written primarily by foreign authors, mainly Germans and Czechs. For the other orders, most of the publications have been written by Bulgarians.

Odonata 47 (Bulgarian - 3, foreign - 44)
Ephemeroptera 25 (Bulgarian - 15, foreign - 10)
Plecoptera 38 (Bulgarian - 11, foreign - 27)
Auchenorryncha 19 (Bulgarian - 14, foreign - 5)
Heteroptera 51 (Bulgarian - 41, foreign - 10)
Coleoptera 83 (Bulgarian - 51, foreign - 32)

Of the total of 263 publications, 135 were written by Bulgarian authors and 128 by foreign scientists.

It should be noted that, for some of the orders, and for some groups of families or separate families, monographs have been or are about to be issued in the Fauna of Bulgaria series. Such systematic groups are Odonata, Pentatomoidea, Haliplidae, Hygrobiidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Rhynchophora.

The different groups have not been investigated to equal degrees (see next section). In general, however, the species composition of these orders has been researched in great detail when compared to the Bulgarian fauna as a whole. This is obvious from the following numbers:

Odonata 10 families, 29 genera, and 64 species
Ephemeroptera 15 families, 30 genera, and 102 species
Plecoptera 7 families, 22 genera, and 96 species
Auchenorryncha 14 families and about 500 species
Heteroptera 39 families, 373 genera, and 1020 species
Coleoptera 79 families and 5370 species

The high level of species diversity in these orders can be very clearly illustrated by comparing the number of species in each in the Bulgarian fauna and in the Central European fauna. The Ephemeroptera and Heteroptera orders have more species in Bulgaria than in Central Europe (in Central Europe they have 90 and 900 species respectively). For the other orders, the Bulgarian fauna contain somewhat fewer species than the Central European fauna: Coleoptera - 90%, Odonata - 80%, Plecoptera - 77%, Auchenorrhyncha - 71%. Future research will definitely increase these percentages, since the real numbers of species in Bulgaria are undoubtedly higher than those given above.

Major Gaps In Knowledge

Most of the orders discussed in this paper are among the best investigated in the Bulgarian fauna (Table 1). This is true especially for taxonomic research and to a large extent for faunistic research on the Heteroptera, Odonata, and Plecoptera: 96% of the probable Heteropteran species in Bulgaria, and approximately 85% of the other two orders, are known. The Ephemeroptera and Homoptera (Auchenorrhyncha) orders are not so well investigated: 73% of the probable species composition in the former suborder in the national fauna, and 62% in the latter, are known.

The situation with the Coleoptera order is rather different. For the order as a whole, 67% of the probable total of species in Bulgaria are already known. The different families, however, are in different stages of investigation and knowledge. The best investigated families are: Carabidae, Haliplidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Silphidae, Cleridae, Buprestidae, Elateridae, Coccinellidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, andsomewhat lesser degree (from 65 to 85%) are the species within the families Hydrophilidae, Dryopidae, Histeridae, Cholevidae, Dermestidae, Bruchidae, and Meloidae. A third group includes those families that have been investigated to a still lesser, but still quite satisfactory, degree (about 50 to 60%): Helodidae, Cantharidae, Anobiidae, Georysidae, Nitidulidae, Tenebrionidae, and Ipidae. Finally, there is a substantial group of families that are still not so well investigated (under 50%): Pselaphidae, Scydmaenidae, Staphylinidae, Eucnemidae, Cucujidae, Cryptophagidae, Mycetophagidae, Oedemeridae, Anthicidae, and some others.

Table 1.

Order	Number in Bulgaria					Degree of study of the order in Bulgaria (%)
	Families	Species
		Total	Endemic	Relict	Rare
Odonata	10	64	-	1	17	85%
Ephemeroptera	15	102	12	-	19	73%
Plecoptera	7	96	24	-	28	85%
Homoptera (Auchenorryncha)	14	500	13	10	49	62%
Heteroptera	39	1020	31	73	92	96%
Coleoptera	79	5370	393	24	560	67%
Total	164	7152	473	108	765

Almost all the families of the orders mentioned above - the exceptions are those on which monographs have been published in the Fauna of Bulgaria series - have not been studied or are poorly studied with respect to ecology and zoogeography. Almost nothing has been done to protect these insects. Only several Coleoptera species and their typical cave representatives (troglobionts from the Trechinae and Bathysciinae subfamilies) are protected by special legislation. A major gap is the absence of a "Red Data Book" for Bulgarian insects and other invertebrates. Such a book should be published as soon as possible.

Assessment of Current Knowledge

Areas Requiring Further Investigations

The territory of Bulgaria, which is characterized by extremely diverse relief - high mountains, extensive plains and valleys, long and deep river valleys, a long seashore with dunes and beaches - has not been studied to an equal degree with respect to the entire insect fauna. The orders have been insufficiently investigated in the following areas:

• Odonata: the high mountain lakes, mainly in the Rila and Pirin Mountains; the wetlands near Silistra; and the whole region of the eastern Rhodopes and north-western Bulgaria.
  
  
• Ephemeroptera: the subalpine and alpine zones in the mountains.
  
  
• Plecoptera: some plain regions, mainly the Danubian plain and the Thracian lowland.
  
  
• Auchenorryncha and Heteroptera: Slavyanka Mountain, where undoubtedly very interesting species will be found.
  
  
• Coleoptera: the Danubian Plain (particularly the Dobrudzha area), the Mesta valley, and high parts of the western Rhodopes.

Some mountain areas along the national borders with Serbia, Macedonia, Greece, and Turkey are poorly studied, or have not been studied at all. These are: the mountains Chiprovska, Ruy, Milevska, Osogovska, Vlahina, Maleshevska, Ograzhden, Belasitsa, Slavyanka, Stargach, Sakhar, and Strandzha, as well as the regions of Znepole, Piyanec, and Gorna Arda.

Rare Species

This category includes species and subspecies distributed mainly in a single locality or in several localities with small populations. The percentage of species included in this category varies significantly among the different orders. For the Plecoptera, the percentage of rare species is 29.2%; for the Odonata - 26.6%; for the Ephemeroptera - 18.6%; for the Coleoptera - 10.4%; for the Auchenorrhyncha - 9.8%; and for the Heteroptera - 9%.

Odonata has 17 rare species, most of which are found along the southern Black Sea coast (7), on Vitosha Mountain (5), in the southern part of the Strouma River valley (4), and on the northern Black Sea coast and in the western Rhodopes (3 each). This is a moderate level of rarity.

Ephemeroptera has 19 rare species, primary restricted to the western Rhodopes (3), the Rila Mountains, the Pirin Mountains, the western Stara Planina, and Strandzha Mountain (2 each). This is a low level of rarity.

Plecoptera has 28 rare species, located primarily in: the central Stara Planina Mountains (17), and the Rila and Vitosha Mountains (6 each). This is a moderate level of rarity.

Auchenorryncha has 49 rare species. They occur primarily on Vitosha Mountain (8), in the central Stara Planina Mountains (5), in the western Stara Planina and along the southern Black Sea coast (4 each), and in the Strouma-Mesta zoogeographical regions (3 each). This is a low level of rarity.

There are 92 rare species in the Heteroptera, most of which are found in: the southern part of the Strouma River valley (33); the southern Black Sea coast (16); the northern Black Sea coast, Slavyanka, and Strandzha Mountain (4 each); the Pirin Mountains and the western Rhodopes (3 each); the Rila Mountains, the central Stara Planina Mountains, and Belasitsa Mountain (2 each), and Vitosha Mountain (1). This is a low level of rarity.

Coleoptera has at least 560 rare species, found predominantly in: the southern Black Sea coast (81), the Strouma-Mesta region (71), the western Rhodopes (49), the northern Black Sea coast (37), Vitosha Mountain (36), and Strandzha Mountain (19). Rare species are found to a considerably smaller extent on the Slavyanka and Belasitsa Mountains (7 each). This is a low level of rarity.

The total number of rare species for all orders is, at minimum, 765 (or 10.7% of all known species). The areas with the greatest number of rare species are found in the southern part of the Strouma River valley from the town of Simitli to the national border (111) and along the southern Black Sea coast to Cape Emine (108). Rare species occur to a lesser degree number on Strandzha Mountain (25 species) and in the central and eastern Stara Planina Mountains (24 each). It is interesting to note that relatively few rare species occur in the highest Bulgarian mountains; for example, on Slavyanka Mountain (9), in the Rila Mountains (10), on Belasitsa Mountain (9), in the western Stara Planina (6), and in the Pirin Mountains (5). The is a low level of rare species occurrence.

Endemic Species

The endemic species and subspecies can be divided into two groups: the Bulgarian and the Balkan endemics. Some of the Bulgarian endemics are restricted to very small localities - a single cave, for example, or a group of neighboring caves. Such is the case for species or subspecies from the genera Pheggomisetes and Duvalius (Carabidae: Coleoptera) and all the troglobiont species from Cholevidae (Coleoptera). Other Bulgarian endemics are widely distributed (e.g., some species from the Ephemeroptera and the Coleoptera).

It is very likely that in the future Bulgarian endemics will be found in other Balkan Peninsula regions. Thus, it is possible to combine the Bulgarian and Balkan endemics into a single category - Balkan endemics. Throughout this report we treat the endemics together in this manner.

Some orders have moderate percentages of endemic species (Plecoptera - 25%; Ephemeroptera - 11.8%; and Coleoptera - 7.3%); others have low percentages (Heteroptera - 3%); and Auchenorrhyncha - 2.6%). No endemic species have been found from Odonata.

There are 12 endemic species in Ephemeroptera (6 Bulgarian and 6 Balkan). They have been found in the Pirin Mountains (5); in the Rila Mountains, the western Rhodopes, Strandzha Mountain, and the southern part of the Strouma River valley (3 each); on Vitosha Mountain and in the western Stara Planina Mountains (2 each). Most of them inhabit mountain streams. No endemics have been found on Slavyanka or Belasitsa Mountain, but most likely some will be.

Plecoptera has 24 endemic species (10 Bulgarian and 14 Balkan). They are found in the mountains: the central Stara Planina (15), the Pirins (12), the Rila (11), the western Rhodopes (10), Vitosha (8), and Strandzha (6). As of yet, no endemic species have been found on Slavyanka or Belasitsa Mountains.

Auchenorrhyncha has 13 endemic species (all are Bulgarian endemics). They occur: on the southern Black Sea coast (3), in the western Rhodopes and Strandzha Mountain (2 each), on Vitosha Mountain and in the southern Strouma River valley (1 each). Interestingly, no endemics have yet been found in the mountains (Rila, Pirin, Stara Planina, Slavyanka, and Belasitsa). We suspect that we will find endemic species in these areas as they are more carefully studied.

Heteroptera, the most extensively researched order, has 31 endemic species (18 Bulgarian and 13 Balkan). They are most abundant in the southern part of the Strouma River valley (19 species). Heteropteran endemics are also found in: the Pirins (4); the Rilas and central Stara Planina, the southern Black Sea coast, and Strandzha Mountain (3 each); Vitosha Mountain, the western Rhodopes, Slavyanka Mountain, and the northern Black Sea coast (2 each); and Belasitsa (1). No endemic species have been found in the Danubian plain or Thracian lowland. They are probably not present in these regions.

Coleoptera contains the greatest number of endemic species and subspecies (393; 260 Bulgarian and 133 Bal-kan). They occur predominantly in: the Rila Mountains (96), the central Stara Planina and western Rhodopes (86 each), the Pirin Mountains (75), the southern Strouma and Mesta River valleys (68), the western Stara Planina (64), Vitosha Mountain (55), the southern Black Sea coast (51), and the northern Black Sea coast (25). Endemic species are also found in the mountains Slavyanka (20), Strandzha (18), and Belasitsa (14).

The total number of endemic species and subspecies for all orders is 473 (6.6% of all species). The areas with the greatest number of endemic species are: the Rila Mountains (117), the western Rhodopes (107), the Pirin Mountains (103), and the central Stara Planina Mountains (102). It should be emphasized that in all these mountains (except the Rhodopes) national parks have already been created. High numbers of endemics have also been discov-ered in the southern part of the Strouma River valley (95), the western Stara Planina (83), Vitosha Mountain (81), and the southern Black Sea coast (67). Endemic species occur to lesser degree on Strandzha Mountain (43), along the northern Black Sea coast (31), on Slavyanka Mountain (25), and on Belasitsa Mountain (16). This is a low level of endemism.

The numbers of endemic and rare species in the different regions of Bulgaria are given in Table 2.

Relict Species

Relict species have not been found in the orders Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera.

One relict species has been established for the Odonata at Strandzha Mountain.

The relict species of Auchenorrhyncha and Heteroptera are divided into categories according their area of origin: tropical, mountain-Mediterranean, andglacial. Auchenorrhyncha has 10 relict species (2% of the species composition), all of which are glacial relicts. They have been found at Vitosha Mountain (7), in the Rila Mountains, in the western and central Stara Planina, in the western Rhodopes, and at Belasitsa (1 each).

Table 2.

Territories (regions)	Endemics			Rare	All
	Bulgarian	Balkan	All
Southern part of the Strouma River Valley	54	41	95	111	206
Southern Black Sea coast	36	31	67	108	175
Western Rhodopes	66	41	107	58	165
Vitosha	42	39	81	56	137
Rila	64	53	117	10	127
Central Stara Planina	62	40	102	24	126
Pirin	56	47	103	5	108
Western Stara Planina	54	29	83	6	89
Northern Black sea coast	18	13	31	47	78
Eastern Stara Planina	29	17	46	24	70
Strandzha	29	14	43	25	68
Eastern Rhodopes	16	24	40	14	54
Slavyanka	11	14	25	11	36
Belasitsa	6	10	16	9	25
Sredna Gora	12	7	19	4	23
Osogovo	3	8	11	3	14
Plana	3	2	5	7	12
Lyulin	3	5	8	3	11
Sakhar	5	6	11	-	11
Golo Bardo	2	5	7	3	10
Lozenska Planina	1	2	3	3	6
Ograzhden	2	1	3	3	6
Malashevska Planina	1	1	2	2	4
Ruy Planina	1	2	3	1	4
Verila	-	-	-	1	1
Vlachina Planina	-	-	-	1	1
Total number for all orders	307	166	473	765

Heteroptera has 73 relict species (7.2% of the species composition). The breakdown according to origin is: glacial (59), mountain-Mediterranean (11), and tropical (3). They occur: on Vitosha Mountain (45), in the Rilas (43), the Pirins (32), the western Rhodopes (27), the western Stara Planina (13), the central Stara Planina (11), Slavyanka Mountain (6), Belasitsa and the southern part of the Strouma River valley (3 each), and the Thracian lowland and eastern Rhodopes (1 each).

There are 24 relict Coleoptera species, all of which are endemics and of glacial origin. As of now, they have been found only in the following mountains: the Rilas (18), Vitosha (14), Pirin (10), and the central Stara Planina and West Rhodopes (6 each).

The total number of relict species in all orders (not including endemics) is 108 (or 1.5% of all species). Areas with the greatest number of relict species are: Vitosha Mountain (66), the Rila Mountains (62), the Pirin Mountains (42), and the western Rhodopes (34). National parks exist in all of these areas except for the western Rhodopes. Relict species exist to a lesser degree in other regions of our country: in the central Stara Planina Mountains (18), in the western Stara Planina (14), on Slavyanka Mountain (6), on Belasitsa Mountain (4), in the southern part of the Strouma River valley (3), and on Strandzha Mountain (1).

Ecosystems and Unique Communities

Bulgaria is a country of varied relief and diverse climatic influences. It is situated on the natural border between two continents and two completely different zoo-geographical subregions (the Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean). The unusual diversity of Bulgaria's insect fauna is due to this situation. The topography, climate, and paleogeographical history during the Tertiary-Quaternary period have been critical factors in creating and maintaining many unique ecosystems and communities.

The unique ecosystems and communities for any particular order are of course located in different regions, but some overlap. This is quite natural, since in different regions the identical climatic, physiogeographic, and paleogeographic indices have allowed for the differentiation of unique refugia and for the survival of such communities. Many endemic and rare species, as well as relict species of varied origin, have been retained in these communities. The unique communities for each order have been found in the following areas:

• For Odonata, the most interesting communities are located along the Black Sea coast and in parts of south-west Bulgaria, mainly the high mountain lakes of the Rila and Pirin Mountains. Future studies will determine if such communities are located in Strandzha, where a single relict species of this order is found.
  
  
• For Ephemeroptera, similar communities have been preserved mainly in the high mountains (Rila, Pirin, Vitosha, and the western Rhodopes) and in the southern part of the Strouma River valley.
  
  
• The unusual communities of endemic and rare Plecoptera species are located in the Rila, Pirin, Vitosha, and western Rhodope Mountains, in the high parts of the central Stara Planina Mountains, and at Strandzha Mountain.
  
  
• Auchenorrhyncha also occur in unique communities, but these have a smaller proportion of interesting species. They are found in the high mountains (Vitosha, Rila, Pirin, central Stara Planina, and western Rhodopes), but also in different regions along the Black Sea coast and in the southern Strouma River valley.
  
  
• The Heteroptera have been well studied in communities located mainly in the Pirin Mountains and at Slavyanka Mountain, where the fauna are best pre-served. Similar unique communities are also located in other high mountains (Rila, Vitosha, western Rhodopes, Stara Planina), along the southern Black Sea coast, and in the southern Strouma River valley.
  
  
• Unique communities of Coleoptera, the order with the greatest species richness and the most varied ecological niches, are distributed in almost all parts of Bulgaria. The most remarkable are those of the high altitudes (the orophytic zone) of the Rila, Pirin, and Vitosha Mountains, the xerothermic and calcareous zones of Slavyanka Mountain, the thermophylic refuges in the Strouma River valley, the Black Sea coast, and Strandzha Mountain.

Table 3 lists the regions with unique communities according to the number of endemic, rare, and relict species in them.

Ecologically Important Areas

The most ecologically important regions for the Odonata, Ephemeroptera, and Plecoptera with aquatic larval phase are: marshlands along the Danube River; high mountain lakes of the Rila and Pirin Mountains; some rivers of the Black Sea basin (Ropotamo, Veleka, Fakiyska, and Dyavolska); and some lakes along the southern Black Sea coast (Arkutino and Alepu).

For Auchenorrhyncha and Heteroptera, the important regions are the southern part of the Strouma River valley (mainly around the town of Kresna and the "Rupite" site), the area surrounding the town of Petrich, and the alpine zones of the Rila, Pirin, Vitosha, Slavyanka, and western Rhodope Mountains. Other important areas are the forest-steppes in northwestern Bulgaria and the Thracian lowland, the salty soils along the Black Sea coast, and the sand dunes and oak forests at Strandzha Mountain.

For the Coleoptera species, vital areas are found mainly in the alpine zones of the Rila, Pirin, Vitosha, western Rhodope, and Stara Planina Mountains (these are areas that support glacial relicts or species with the Arctic-Alpine distribution). The occurrence of Coleopteran troglobionts (genera, species, and subspecies) should be noted. They inhabit only karst caves or chasms and are both endemics and relicts. Three troglobionts. Cholevidae has 10 genera and 19 species of troglobionts. All are located in the Stara Planina and Rhodopes (except for one species on Slavyanka Mountain).

Table 3.

Territories with unique communities of endemic, rare, and relict species	Species				A%*
	Endemic	Rare	Relict	All
Southern part of the Strouma River valley	95	111	3	209	15.5%
Vitosha	81	56	66	203	15.1%
Western Rhodopes	107	58	34	199	14.8%
Rila	117	10	62	189	14.0%
Southern Black Sea coast	67	108	0	175	13.0%
Pirin	103	5	42	150	11.1%
Central Stara Planina	102	24	18	144	10.7%
Western Stara Planina	83	6	14	103	7.7%
Northern Black Sea coast	31	47	0	78	5.8%
Strandzha	43	25	1	69	5.1%
Slavyanka	25	11	6	42	3.1%
Belasitsa	16	9	4	29	2.2%
Total number for all orders	473	765	108	134

Notes: * - Percent of the total number of endemic, rare, and relict species

Sensitivity to Human Impacts

The species examined in this report exhibit varied degrees of sensitivity to specific anthropogenic factors. We can classify them as high, moderate, or low in sensitivity.

Almost all Odonata and Plecoptera species exhibit high sensitivity; the rest of the orders are moderately sensitive. All troglobiont Coleoptera species show exceptionally high sensitivity. The development of caves - including in some case electrification - and tourist impacts are pernicious for the whole cave fauna, but especially for the troglobionts. Often these types of human activities lead to complete destruction of the cave fauna.

Representative Sites

For the various orders, the most interesting representative areas are located in the following regions:

• Odonata: along the Black Sea coast; southwestern Bulgaria; the high mountain lakes of the Rila and Pirin Mountains. § Ephemeroptera: the Rila, Pirin, Vitosha, western Rhodope, and Strandzha Mountains.
  
  
• Plecoptera: the altitudinal zone over 1000 m above sea level in the high mountains; the whole of Strandzha Mountain, where 47% of the species are endemic or rare.
  
  
• Auchenorrhyncha: the Strouma River valley south of the town of Kresna; Slavyanka Mountain.
  
  
• Heteroptera: the Rila and Slavyanka Mountains.
  
  
• Coleoptera: the alpine zone of the high mountains; the Slavyanka, Belasitsa, and Strandzha Mountains.

Historic, Current, and Potential Threats

Every faunal species is subject to a variety of forces that threaten it with destruction or extinction. In the past, many of the species in the orders described here were partially or completely destroyed by either abiotic or anthropogenic factors, including drought, glaciation during the Quaternary, the mass clearing of forests, and various human constructions or agricultural activities. The current threats to the survival of the respective biotas by anthropogenic factors are considerably greater than in the past. The different orders are subject to different factors:

• Odonata. The most endangered species are found in the small streams near the Black Sea coast. These streams are currently undergoing extensive alteration. There is a real threat that at least 6 species will go extinct in this area.
  
  
• Ephemeroptera. The most threatened species are those whose larvae live in the middle or lower course of the larger rivers. Pollution of the water with different industrial or household wastes is the most significant threat in these areas. The endemic mountain species are threatened by the increasing incidence of acid rain. These and other factors have already caused seven species to go extinct. Another 13 species are threatened with extinction.
  
  
• Plecoptera. The most endangered species are those of rivers running through plains, where the total pollu-tion load has severely depleted the fauna and driven species to extinction. Some species in the Danube and the Marica Rivers have already been destroyed. The fauna of the Iskar, Maritsa, and Yantra Rivers have been severely damaged or partially destroyed. In general, this group is among the most endangered by potential environmental changes.
  
  
• Auchenorrhyncha and Heteroptera. The fauna of the plains, the mountain foothills (up to 1000-1200 m above sea level), and especially the sea shore dunes and salty soils along the Black Sea coast, are the most endangered. The most threatened river valley is that of the Strouma River, which is among the most faunistically interesting. At present 55 endemic, relict, and rare species have been located in the Strouma valley, a figure unmatched in the Bulgarian fauna.
  
  
• Coleoptera. The most endangered Coleopteran fauna are found in all the caves of the Stara Planina and western Rhodopes that are supplied with electricity and developed for tourism. A considerable number of endemic relict species inhabit these caves. The fauna of all the areas around the towns and the large indus-trial centers are also highly threatened.

Recommendations

The survival of the species described in this paper requires both specific and general actions. We recommend the following specific actions:

• Odonata: Stop the mass and uncontrolled draining of wetlands, the alteration of the small streams along the Black Sea coast, and the mass pollution of different waterways with industrial or household waste.
  
  
• Ephemeroptera: Stop household and industrial pollution of the rivers, as well as their canalization or correction in construction works (for example, in building electric power stations, pumping stations, and dams, or in the extraction of minerals) when they do not comply with environmental recommendations.
  
  
• Plecoptera: Strict control over future dam construc-tion and other hydrotechnical activities in the high mountains. A typical example is the expected implementation of the notorious Rila project, which will transfer water from the basin of the Strouma River to the Maritsa. Similar projects are extremely threatening to a considerable portion of the endemic, rare, and relict fauna of the high mountains.
  
  
• Auchenorrhyncha and Heteroptera: Reduce the main potential threats to the survival of the most interesting representatives of this fauna. These threats include agricultural activity without environmental control and poorly planned industrial, urban, and road construction projects. Currently, construction projects proceed in regions with rich or unique (endemic, rare, and relict) fauna without even having an expert environmental assessment performed in advance.
  
  
• Coleoptera: Careful expert environmental assessment should be an absolute requirement before any future cave development or electrification goes forward, and before the caves are turned into tourist sites. The cave fauna and troglobionts are the most severely threatened with partial or total extinction. We should not forget that the Bulgarian cave fauna is unique in the world!

The following recommendations pertain to the protection of the fauna in all the orders:

• Begin work immediately on the development and publication of a red data book for the invertebrate fauna, including the insects, of Bulgaria. This is a pressing matter, as is evident from the fact that 473 endemic, 765 rare, and 108 relict species in the orders described in this paper have already been discovered.
  
  
• Create new protected areas - national parks and re-serves - in regions rich in endemic, rare, and relict species. Such parks have already been created in the Vitosha, Rila, Pirin, and Stara Planina (the "Vrachansky Balkan" park and the "Central Balkan" park) Mountains. A biosphere reserve has been created at Slavyanka Mountain and several protected areas have been established in the western Rhodopes (e.g., Mantaritsa Reserve). The number of endemic, rare, and relict species in the orders described in this paper that live in the protected areas in some of the mountains are:
  
  Vitosha - 81 endemic, 56 rare, and 66 relict species; 203 species altogether.
  
  Rila - 117 endemic, 10 rare, and 62 relict species; 189 species altogether.
  
  Central Stara Planina - 102 endemic, 24 rare, and 18 relict species; 144 species altogether.
  
  Slavyanka Mountain - 25 endemic, 11 rare, and 6 relict species; 42 species altogether.
  
  With this data in mind, more specific proposals to set up new protected areas or several national parks are absolutely justified. These proposals are as follows:
  
  1. Create a national park in part of the western Rhodopes. It should unite several of the already existing protected areas, which were established al-most exclusively for the protection of forests and plants. The fact that 107 endemic, 58 rare, and 34 relict insects from the orders discussed (199 species altogether) have already been discovered in the western Rhodopes supports this proposal. According to this criterion, this area ranks first among all the Bulgarian mountains.
  
  2. Create a national park or at least several protected areas in the southern part of the Strouma River valley; to be more precise, in the vicinity of the town of Simitli, near the border with Greece. In this territory 95 endemic, 111 rare, and 3 relict species from the orders discussed (209 species altogether) have already been discovered. According to this criterion, this is the most important area in all of Bulgaria.
  
  3. Create new protected areas in the southern part of the Black Sea coast, especially for the protection of the rare species inhabiting this region. 67 endemic and 108 rare species (175 species altogether) have been discovered there, which ranks it fifth in Bulgaria.
  
  4. Unite or transform the several existing small protected areas on Strandzha Mountain into one more extensive national park. 43 endemic, 25 rare, and 1 relict species (69 species altogether) have been discovered there. Because this mountain has not been well studied with respect to entomology, these figures will surely increase in the future.
  
  5. Continue and intensify investigations of the insect fauna of Slavyanka Mountain, where 25 endemic, 11 rare, and 6 relict species (42 species altogether) have been discovered. The actual number of species is several times larger. Determination of this number will be a prerequisite for the transformation of the existing protected area into a national park. This is also valid for Belasitsa Mountain, where only 16 endemic, 9 rare, and 4 relict species (29 species altogether) have been discovered. At least one protected area should immediately be created there.

Appendix 1. Rare Species of Odonata

Epallage fatime Charpentier      Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie; Strandzha Mt. Chalcolestes viridis (V. Linden)       Iztochna Stara Planina Mt.; Sofiyska kotlowina;       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlowina;       uzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie. Lestes macrostigma (Eversmann)       Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie. Coenagrion hastulatum (Charpentier)       Vitosha Mt.; Zapadni Rhodopi Mt. Cercion lindeni (Selys)       Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie. Aechna subarctica (Walker)       Pirin Mt., 2000 alt. Aechna cyanea (Muller)       Sofiyska kotlowina; Rila Mt.; Zapadni       Rhodopi Mt. Caliaeschna microstigma (Schneider)       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlowina;       Severno & Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie

Cordulegaster picta Selys      Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie. Cordulegaster neros Theischinger       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlowina. Cordulegaster insignis charpentieri Kolenati       Severno & Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie. Somatochlora metallica meridionalis Nielsen       Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie. Somatochlora flavomaculata (V. Linden)       Zapadni Rhodopi Mt. Libellula fulva Muller       Sofiyska kotlowina; Trakiyska nizina; Kroupnishko-       Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Orthetrum anceps (Shneider) Severno       Chernomorsko kraybrezhie. Leucorrhinia pectoralis (Charpentier) Iztochna       Dounavska ravnina; Sofiyska kotlovina.

Appendix 2. Relict Species of Odonata

Calopteryx virgo meridionalis Selys
      Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie; Strandzha Mt.

Appendix 3. Bulgarian Endemic Species of Ephemeroptera

Heptageniidae Iron yougoslavicus Samal, 1939       Vitosha Mountain; Sredna Stara Planina;       Podbalkanski kotlovini; Rila Mountain;       Pirin Mountain; Mestenska dolina. Rhithrogena braaschi Jacob, 1974       Pirin Mountain. Rhithrogena iridina (Kolenati, 1860)       Rila Mountain; Pirin Mountain; Zapadna       Stara Planina. Leptophilebiidae Paraleptophlebia lacustris Ikon., 1962       Iztochna Stara Planina; Iztochen       Predbalkan; part Bakadzhiksko-Burgaska;       Strandzha Mountain; Yuzhno       Chernomorsko kraybrezhie.

Ephemerellidae Ephemerella maculocaudata Ikon., 1961       Krupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka dolina;       Iztochni Rodopi. Ephemerella mucronata unicolorata (Ikon.) Soldan, 1982       Krupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka dolina. Taeniopterygidae Brachyptera bulgarica       Sofiyska kotlovina; Vitosha; Stara Planina; Rila;       Zapadni Rhodopi; Iztochni Rhodopi; Strandzha       (100-1700m). Brachyptera helenica       Strandzha Mountain (300-400m).

Appendix 4. Balkan Endemic Species of Ephemeroptera

Heptageniidae Iron yougoslavicus Samal, 1939       Vitosha Mountain; Sredna Stara Planina;       Podbalkanski kotlovini; Rila Mountain; Pirin       Mountain; Mestenska dolina. Rhithrogena braaschi Jacob, 1974       Pirin Mountain. Rhithrogena iridina (Kolenati, 1860)       Rila Mountain; Pirin Mountain; Zapadna       Stara Planina. Leptophlebiidae Paraleptophlebia lacustris Ikon., 1962       Iztochna Stara Planina; Iztochen Predbalkan;       part Bakadzhiksko-Burgaska; Strandzha       Mountain; Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie.

Ephemerellidae Ephemerella maculocaudata Ikon., 1961       Krupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka dolina;       Iztochni Rodopi. Ephemerella mucronata unicolorata (Ikon.) Soldan, 1982       Krupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka dolina. Taeniopterygidae Brachyptera bulgarica       Sofiyska kotlovina; Vitosha; Stara Planina; Rila;       Zapadni Rhodopi; Iztochni Rhodopi;       Strandzha (100-1700m). Brachyptera helenica       Strandzha Mountain (300-400m).

Appendix 5. Rare Species of Ephemeroptera

Ameletus inopina Etn.       Rila Mountain: Borovets resort; Pirin       Mountain: Argirovo and Gorno       Breznishko Lakes. Metreletus balcanicus (Ulm.)       Strandzha Mountain: Fakiyska river - Golyamo       Boukovo v., Ropotamo river - middle course;       Topolovets river - Gradets v. Ametropus Fragilis Alb.b.       Donau river - 747 th., 704 th., 497 th. river       km (now missing). Centroptilum nana Bog.       Strandzha Mountain: stream near       Varvara v. Centroptilum pulchrum Etn.       Harmanliyska river - Malevo v. Rhithrogena iridina (Kolenati)       Rila Mountain - Baninska river (the Mesta       river basin); Pirin Mountain - Razlog; Stara       Planina Mountain - Botounya river - Vratsa. Rhithrogena sowai Puths       Rhodopi Mountain: Zaburdo river -       Chepelare; Stara planina Mountain: Leva       river - Vratsa. Ecdyonurus subalpinus Klap.       Maritsa river - Belovo; Dolna banya v. Ecdyonurus torrentis Kimm.       Maritsa river - Momina klisoura V.;       Kostenets; Belovo.

Baetis niger (L.)       Stream within Dospat river basin. Baetis macani Kimm.       Maritsa river - Kostenets, Novi Krichim, above       Plovdiv, Purvomay, Preslavets v., Lyubimets v. Baetis pentaphlebodes Ujh.       Osum river - Alexandrovo v. Baetis tracheatus Keff. & Mach       Maritsa river - below Plovdiv and above       Dimitrovgrad. Heptagenia longicauda (Steph.)       Matitsa river - Purvomay; Dimitrovgrad; Kozhouh       Mountain - Petrich. Ephemerella mesoleuca (Brauer)       Maritsa river - Svilengrad; Toundzha river - Elhovo;       Iskur river - Gigen v. Neoephemera maxima (Joly)       Toundzha river - Slivenski bani resort; Yambol       (now missing). Brachycercus harrisella Curtis       Donau river - Kozloduy; Matitsa river - Dimitrovgrad,       Harmanli (missing now). Cercobrachis minutus (Tshern.) Donau river - Svishtov,       Lakut island; Tundzha river - above       Yambol (missing now). Paraleptophlebia cincta (Retz.)       Maritsa river - Dimitrovgrad; Zlatna Panega River -       Roumyantsevo v.

Appendix 6. Bulgarian Endemic Species of Plecoptera

Nemouridae Nemoura braashi       Rila; Pirin; Rhodopi; Vitosha (600-1700m). Nemoura bulgarica       Rila; Pirin; Rhodopi; Stara Planina (1400-2100m). Nemoura pirinensis       Rila; Pirin; Vitosha; Stara Planina (1200-2400m). Protonemura beaumonti       Pirin Mountain; Iztochna Stara Planina; Strandzha       Mountain (300-1500m). Protonemura mattheyi       Pirin Mountain (2200m). Leuctridae Leuctra balcanica       Vitosha (800-1400m). Leuctra marani       Rila, Pirin, Vitosha, Rhodopes (800-2300m)

Leuctra pseudohippopus       common in all high mountains of Bulgaria (800-1800m). Perlodidae Isoperla russevi       Sredna Stara Planina Mt. (1800m). Isoperla submontana       common in all high mountains (except of Vitosha)       (500-1800m). Chloroperlidae Chloroperla kosarovi       common in all high mountains (500-2000m). Chloroperla russevi       common in all high mountains (except of Vitosha)       (1000-2000m).

Appendix 7. Balkan Endemic Species of Plecoptera

Nemouridae Nemoura braashi       Rila; Pirin; Rhodopi; Vitosha (600-1700m). Nemoura bulgarica       Rila; Pirin; Rhodopi; Stara Planina (1400-2100m). Nemoura pirinensis       Rila; Pirin; Vitosha; Stara Planina (1200-2400m). Protonemura beaumonti       Pirin Mountain; Iztochna Stara Planina; Strandzha       Mountain (300-1500m). Protonemura mattheyi       Pirin Mountain (2200m). Chloroperlidae Chloroperla kosarovi       common in all high mountains (500-2000m). Chloroperla russevi       common in all high mountains (except of Vitosha)       (1000-2000m).

Leuctridae Leuctra balcanica       Vitosha (800-1400m). Leuctra marani       Rila, Pirin, Vitosha, Rhodopes (800-2300m) Leuctra pseudohippopus       common in all high mountains of Bulgaria       (800-1800m). Perlodidae Isoperla russevi       Sredna Stara Planina Mt. (1800m). Isoperla submontana       common in all high mountains (except of       Vitosha) (500-1800m).

Appendix 8. Rare Species of Plecoptera

Rhabdiopteryx alpina       Stara planina: Kostina rivers., 1400 m. Rhabdiopteryx hamulata       Strandzha Mt., 100-300 m. Rhabdiopteryx navicula       Sredna Gora: Stryama river, 800 m. Rhabdiopteryx neglecta       Stara planina: Botunya river, 800 m.       Taeniopteryx hubaulti Stara planina: Tshuprenska       and Stakevska rivers., 400-600 m. Amphinemura standfussi       Stara planina: Tazha river, 400 m. Nemoura longicauda       Vitosha; Rila Mts., Vasov hut, 1750 m. Nemoura marginata       Vitosha Mt., 800 m. Protonemura auberti       Vitosha, 1800 m. Protonemura autumnalis       Stara planina: Tsherni Osam river, 1300 m. Protonemura brevistyla       Rila Mt.: Kostenets res., 1000 m. Protonemura illiesi       Stara planina: Kostina and Tundzha rivers.,       600-1600 m. Protonemura meyeri       Stara planina: Kostina river, 1400 m. Protonemura nitida       Vitosha; Pirin: Banderitza river, 1800 m. Leuctra bronislavi       Stara planina: Tazha and Asenovska rivers.,       500-800 m.

Leuctra hirsuta       Vitosha, 1200 m. Leuctra prima       Vitosha, 1200 m. Leuctra quadrimaculata       Stara planina: Beli Vit, Tundzha and Stara       reka rivers., 800-1000 m. Capnia nigra       Rila Iskar river Bulgaroperla mirabilis       Stara planina: Novoselska and Dvoynitza rivers.;       Strandzha Mt. (300-800 m). Dictyogenus ventralis       Rila Mt.: Maritza river, 800 m. Isogenus nubecula       Stara planina: Beli Osam, Troyan. Perlodes dispar       Stara planina: Gradetz. Perla bipunctata       Stara planina: Lom river Perla illiesi       Stara planina: Stara Reka, Sliven. Chloroperla tripunctata       Centr. Stara planina, 500-1600 m. Siphonoperla burmeisteri       Rila Mt.: Iskar river, 900 m. Siphonoperla torrentium       Stara planina: Botunya, Tundzha and       Kamtshiya rivers.

Appendix 9. Endemic Species of Homoptera - Auchenorrhyncha

Tachycixius viperinus Dlabola       Sredna Gora Mts. Oliarus ropotamus Dlabola       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka       kotlovina; Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie. Stiromeurysa vitoshaensis Dlabola       Vitosha Mt. Conomelus odryssius Dlabola       Trakiyska nizina. Delphacodes horwathi       Joakimov part Sakarsko-Toundzhanska. Chlorita thracica Dlabola       Trakiyska nizina.

Erythria selecta Horvath       Zapadni Rhodopi Mt. Arbarida strandjensis Bayrjamova       Strandzha Mt. Thamnotettix thrax Dlabola       Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie. Opsius euxinus Dlabola       Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie. Kazachstanicus aitosicus Dlabola       part Bakadzhiksko-Burgaska. Steptanus josifovi Dlabola       Podbalkanski kotlovini. Erythroneura unipunctata Dlabola       Podbalkanski kotlovini.

Appendix 10. Rare Species of Homoptera - Auchenorrhyncha

Delphacidae Delphacodes albifrons Fieber       Gabarevo by Stara Zagora; Sofia. Javesella discolor Boh.       Gabarevo by Stara Zagora; Vitosha Mt. Javesella dubia (Kbm.) Centr.       Stara planina. Metropis flavipes Signoret       Sofia. Metropis inermis Wagner       Belasitsa Mt. Metropis mayri Fieber       "Karandila" by Sliven. Metropis ugamicus Mit.       Ivaylovgrad. Chloriona clavata Dlabola       Gotse Delchev. Chloriona flaveola (Lindberg)       Gotse Delchev. Chloriona oriens Dlabola       Nesebur. Chloriona smaragdula (Stal.) Jambol.       Stenocranus fuscovitatus (Stal.) Sofia. Kelisia ribauti Wagner       Kazanluk. Kelisia praecox Haupt       Sofia. Anakelisia fasciata (Kbm.)       Sofia. Cixidae Cixius cunicularis L.       Plana Mt.; Lyulin Mt. Cixius simplex (H.S.)       Brestovets. Cicadelidae Allygus maculatus Rib.       West Stara planina Mt. Sorhoanus hypochlorus Fiber       West Stara planina Mt. Agallia antoniae Mel.       West Stara planina Mt. Edwardsiana fructator Rib.       Vitosha Mt. Edwardsiana lamellaris Rib.       West Stara planina Mt.; Plana Mt. Achilidae Akotropis quercicola       Linnavuori Primorsko. Helicoptera marginicollis (Spin.)       "Perla" by Primorsko.

Ribautiana tenerrima H.S.       Centr. Stara planina; Plana Mt. Chlorita tesselata (Leth.)       Simitli. Acrocephalus longiceps (Kbm.)       Centr. Stara planina. Parabocratus storai Lindberg       "Pobiti kamuni" by Varna. Handianus procerus (H.S.)       Pleven. Goniognathus bolivari Mel.       Arven. Goniognathus brevis (H.S.)       Vitosha Mt. Jassargus flori Fieber       Elin Pelin by Sofia. Platimetropius filigranus (Scott.)       Vinitsa. Phlogotettix cyclops (M.R.)       Arkutino. Adarrus geniculatus (Cer.)       Vitosha Mt. Eupterix stachydearum (Hardy)       Vitosha Mt. Hardya anatolica Zach.       Vitosha Mt. Flammigeroidia tiliae (Geoffr.)       Karnobat. Yongia pandelei (Leth.)       Karnobat. Ribautiana cruciata (Rib.)       Karnobat. Eurhadiana loewi (Then.)       Vitosha Mt. Doratura exilis Horvath       Vitosha Mt. Aglena ornata (H.S.)       Karnobat. Issidae Agalmatium bilobum (Fieber)       Gotse Delchev. Tachycixius viperinus Dlabola       Sredna Gora Mts. Issus muscaeformis Schr.       Asenovgrad. Hysteropterum discolor Germ.       Asenovgrad. Hysteropterum tauricum Kuzn.       Kurdzhali. Mycterodus imaculatus F.       Batova by Varna. Tettigomeridae Tettigometra laeta H.S.       Centr. Stara planina.

Appendix 11. Relict Species of Homoptera - Auchenorrhyncha

Glacial Relects: Dicranotropis divergens (Kbm.)       Rila Mt.; Vitosha Mt. Dicranotropis beckeri Fieber       Vitosha Mt. Criomorphus borealis (J. Sahlberg)       Vitosha Mt. Calligypona forcipata (Boh.)       West & Centr. Stara planina. Calligypona vicina J.       Sahlberg Vitosha Mt.

Calligypona pallens (Stal.)       Rhodopi Mt. Ribautodelphax altaica Vilbaste       Belasitsa Mt. Arboridia ribauti (Oss.)       Vitosha Mt. Jassargus cebennicus Rib.       Vitosha Mt. Cixius granulatus Horvat       Vitosha Mt.

Appendix 12. Endemic Species of Heteroptera

Velia saulii serbica Tamanini       Vitosha Mt.; Rila Mt.; Pirin Mt. Dicyphus (Brachyceroea) digitalidis Josifov       Rhodopi, Rila, Pirin, Slavyanka & Belasitsa Mts. Dicyphus (Mesodicyphus) martinoi Josifov       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina;       Zapadni Rhodopi Mt. Calocoris (Closterotomus) princeps Reuter       Stara Planina Mt.; Plana Mt.; Strandzha Mt.;       Zapadni Rhodopi Mt.; Kroupnishko-Sandansko-       Petrichka kotlovina. Phytocoris (Compsocerocoris) strymonensis Josifov       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Dichrooscytus bureschi Josifov       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Heterocordylus cytisi Josifov       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Orthotylus (Neopachylops) bureschi Josifov       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Orthotylus (Neopachylops) junipericola balcanicus Josifov       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Mecomma ambulans montanus Josifov       Rila Mt. Pilophorus dianae Josifov       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina;       Ograzhden Mt. Campylomma novaki Wagner       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Cremnorrhinus basalis Reuter       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Psallus (Apocremnus) betuleti montanus Josifov       Vitosha Mt. Psallus (Hylopsallus) pseudoquercus Josifov       Stara Planina Mt.; Zapadni Rhodopi Mt.;       Plana Mt.; Kroupnishko-Sandansko-       Petrichka kotlovina.

Psallus (Psallus) balcanicus Josifov       Stara Planina Mt.; Plana Mt.; Strandzha       Mt.; Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Psallus (Psallus) faniae Josifov       Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie. Psallus (Psallus) milenae Josifov       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Orthonotus pseudoponticus Josifov       Rhodopi & Pirin Mts. Compsidolon (Apsinthophylus) balcanicus Josifov       Pirin Mt. Adelphophylus balkanicus (Kormilev)       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina;       Slavyanka Mt.; Sofiyska kotlovina;       Podbalkanski kotlovini. Placochilus seladonicus mediterraneus Josifov       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Paredrocoris seidenstuckeri Josifov       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Tuponia linnavuorii Wagner       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Isometopus longirostris Josifov       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Gampsocoris lilianae Josifov       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina. Plinthisus coracinus Horvath       Zapadna Stara Planina Mt. Plinthisus mehadiensis Horvath       Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie. Ischnocoris bureschi Josifov       Kroupnishko-Sandansko-Petrichka kotlovina;       Severno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie; Strandzha Mt. Aethus balcanicus Josifov       Yuzhno Chernomorsko kraybrezhie. Thyreocoris ochridanus Kormilev       Iztochna Dounavska ravnina.

Appendix 13. Rare Species of Heteroptera

Belostomatidae Lethocerus partuelis (Stal.)       SW Bulgaria (Petrich, Sandanski). Veliidae Velia pelagonensis Hoberlandt       SW Bulgaria (Kresna). Velia rhadamatha Hoberlandt       SW Bulgaria (Kresna). Gerridae Gerris ventralis (Fieber)       SE Bulgaria (Strandzha Mt.). Cryptostemmatidae Cryptostemma castaneovitreus Linnavuori       SE Bulgaria (Strandzha Mt.). Miridae Fulvius punctumalbum (Rossi)       Trakia (Ognjanovo); Petrich. Macrolophus glaucescens Fieber       Kalotina. Teratocoris antennatus (Boheman)       SE Bulgaria (Ropotamo). Adelphocoris insignis Horvath       SW Bulgaria (Sandanski). Calocoris reuteri Horvath       N Bulgaria (Gabrobo). Orthops coccineus Horvath       SW Bulgaria (Belasitsa Mt.). Saundersiella moerens (Reuter)       Stara planina Mt. near Kotel;       E Rhodopi near Dubevets. Brachynotocoris puncticornis Reuter       Sofia. Heterocordylus farinosus Horvath       Slavyanka Mt. Excentricoris planicornis (Herrich-Schaffer)       Slavyanka Mt. Acrorrhinium conspersum Noualhier       SW Bulgaria (Kresna). Systellonotus kiritschenkoi Poppius       SW Bulgaria (Kresna, Petrich). Saldidae Chartoscirta longirostris (Jakovlev)       Burgas. Saldula xanthochila (Fieber)       Varna Lake; Struma river by Skakavitsa. Leptopodidae Patapius spinosus (Rossi)       Harmanli. Erianotus lanosus (Dufour)       Harmanli. Aradidae Aradus serbicus Horvath       W Stara planina. Aradus erosus Fallen       Rila Mt. Mezira tremulae (Germar)       Nesebar; Kyustendil. Berytidae Metacanthus (Cardopostethus) annulosus (Fieber)       Varna. Metatropis rufescens (Herrich-Schaffer)       W Stara planina. Gampsocoris enslini (Seidenstucker)       SW Bulgaria (Petrich). Lygaeidae Lygaeosoma anatolicum Seidenstucker       "Rupite" near Petrich. Lygaeosoma angulare Reuter       Kresna. Lygaeosoma sibiricum Seidenstucker       Slavyanka Mt. (Alibotush). Orsillus depressus Dallas       Razlog; Kresna. Cymodema tabidum Spinola       Ropotamo. Ischnodemus caspicus Jakovlev       "Rupite" near Petrich. Henestaris cremeus Kiritschenko       Nesebar. Henestaris irroratus Horvath       Burgas. Tropidophlebia costalis (Herrich-Schaffer)       Sandanski. Alydidae Megalotomus junceus (Scopoli)       Asenovgrad. Rhopalidae Chorosoma gracile Josifov       "Pobiti Kamuni" by Varna. Acanthosomatidae Elasmucha fieberi (Jakovlev)       Pirin Mt. Cydnidae Aethus pilosulus (Klug)       Ograzhden Mt. Geotomus brunnipennis       Wagner Pomorie.

Omphalonotus quadriguttatus (Kirschbaum)       Rila Mt. (Borovets). Acrotelus caspicus (Reuter)       SW Bulgaria (Sandanski, Petrich). Plagiognathus flavipes Reuter       SW Bulgaria (Petrich). Campyloma diversicornis Reuter       SW Bulgaria (Kresna). Phoenicocoris modestus (Mayer-Dur)       Pirin Mt. (Popina luka). Atractotomus marcoi Carapezza       SW Bulgaria (Kresna). Psallus albicans (Kirschbaum)       Plana Mt. Psallus pardalis Seidenstucker       Plana Mt. Phylidea henschi (Reuter)       E Rhodopi Mt. (Dubevets). Conostethus angustus Wagner       Burgas. Conostethus venustus (Fieber)       Burgas. Auchenocrepis reuteri Jakovlev       SW Bulgaria (Petrich). Tuponia prasina Fieber       SW Bulgaria (Petrich). Anthocoridae Temnostethus lunula Wagner       E Rhodopi Mt. (Mesek near Krumovgrad). Reduviidae Rhinocoris niger (Herrich-Schaffer)       Kurilo. Sastrapada baerensprungi Stal       SW Bulgaria ("Rupite" near Petrich). Tingidae Acalypts hellenica Reuter       SW Bulgaria (Kresna). Acalypts samara (Puton)       Rhodopi Mt.; Pirin Mt. Kalama aethiops Horvath       Strandzha Mt. Galeatus decorus Jakovlev       SW Bulgaria (Petrich). Galeatus affinis Herrich-Schaffer       Nesebar. Tingis caucasica (Jakovlev)       Stara Zagora. Catoplatus distinctus Montandon       Marin tepe near Varna. Agramma blandula (Horvath)       Sandanski. Lygaeidae Auchenodes joakimoffi Seidenstucker & Josifov       SW Bulgaria (Petrich). Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa)       "Rupite" near Petrich. Stygnocoris similis Wagner       Melnik; Petrich. Plinthisus mehadiensis Horvath       Nesebar. Eremocoris pellitus Seidenstucker       Petrich. Camptocera glaberrima (Walker)       Kresna. Proderus crassicornis Jakovlev       Kresna. Lethaeus cribratissimus (Stal)       Petrich; Asenovgrad. Diomphalus hispidulus Fieber       Central Stara planina. Trapezonotus anorus (Flor)       Vitosha Mt. Megalonotus hirtulus Fieber       E Rhodopi Mt. Piezoscelis staphylinus (Rambur)       Belasitsa Mt. Lasiocoris anomalus (Kolenati)       Trakiya. Peritrechus rhomboidalis Puton       Zlatovruh by Plovdiv. Xanthochilus saturnius (Rossi)       North from Michurin. Raglius inarimensis (Costa)       South from Primorsko. Pachybrachius fracticolis (Schilling)       "Rupite" by Petrich. Coreidae Haploprocta umbrina Jakovlev       Bachkovo. Haploprocta sulcicornis (Fabricius)       Strandzha Mt. Scutelleridae Odontoscelis hispidula Jakovlev       Buchino-Prohod. Odontoscelis oculatus Horvath       Sandanski. Pentatomidae Crypsinus angustatus (Barensprung)       Burgas. Sternodontus obtusus Mulsant & Rey       Slavyanka Mt. (Ali-botush). Menacarus arenicola (Scholtz)       Primorsko. Sciocoris atticus Horvath       Pomorie. Rubiconia intermedia (Wolff)       Central Stara planina. Holcogaster congenitus Putshkov       Kresna.

Appendix 14. Relict Species of Heteroptera

A) Tropical: Ochterus marginatus Latreille       Kurdzhali; Gotse-Delchev; Petrich. Anisops sardea Herrich-Schaffer       Plovdiv; Lebnitsa by Sandanski. Mesovelia vittigera Horvath       Lebnitsa by Sandanski. B) Mountain-Mediterranean: Alloeonotus egregius Fieber       Rila; West Stara planina. Pachytomella parallela (Meyer-Dur)       West Stara planina. Dichrooscytus valesianus Fieber       Rhodopi, Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Macrotylus (s.str.) quadrilineatus (Schrank)       Stara planina & Vitosha Mts. Dimorphocoris fuscus Joakimov       Stara planina, Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Criocoris nigripes Fieber       Slavyanka Mt. Compsidolon balcanicum Josifov       Pirin Mt. Acalypta finitima (Puton) Rhodopi & Pirin Mts.       Acalypta pulchra Stusak Rila & Vitosha Mts. Eremocoris obscuratus Montandon       Vitosha Mt. Carpocoris melanocerus (Mulsant & Rey)       W and C Stara planina, Rhodopi,       Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. C) Glacial: Hesperocorixa sahlbergi (Fieber)       Rila Mt. Arctocorisa carinata (C. Sahlberg)       Rila & Vitosha Mts. Hallodapus rufescens (Burm.)       Vitosha. Parapsallus vitellinus (Scholtz)       Vitosha. Monosynamma bohemani (Meyer-Dur)       Vitosha. Phoenicocoris modestus (Meyer-Dur)       Pirin. Phoenicocoris obscurellus (Fallen)       Rila. Psallus falleni Reuter       Vitosha. Psallus haematodes Gmellin       Vitosha. Placochilus seladonicus seladonicus Fallen       Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Eurycolpus flaveolus (Stal)       Vitosha. Acompocoris alpinus Reuter       West and Central Stara planina, Rhodopi,       Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Nabis brevis Scholtz       W and C Stara planina, Rhodopi, Pirin,       Rila & Vitosha Mts. Nabis flavomarginatus (Scholtz)       Rhodopi, Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Nabis limbatus (Dahlbom)       Rhodopi, Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Empicoris vagabundus (Linnaeus)       Rhodopi & Rila Mts. Rhinocoris annulatus (Linnaeus)       Rila & Vitosha Mts. Acalypta marginata (Wolff)       Rila & Vitosha Mts. Acalypta musci (Schyrank)       Rila. Salda litoralis litoralis (Linnaeus)       Rhodopi, Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Saldula orthochila (Fieber)       Rhodopi, Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Aradus betulinus Fallen       Rhodopi.

Arctocorisa germari (Fieber)       Rila Mt. Bryocoris pteridis (Fallen)       W and C Stara planina, Rhodopi, Slavyanka, Pirin,       Rila & Vitosha Mts. Dicyphus constrictus (Boheman)       Pirin Mt. Dicyphus pallidus (Herrich-Schaffer)       W and C Stara planina, Rhodopi, Slavyanka,       Belasitsa, Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Stenodema holsatum (Fabricius)       W and C Stara planina, Rhodopi, Slavyanka,       Belasitsa, Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Phytocoris reuteri Saunders       Rila & Vitosha Mts. Calocoris alpestris (Meyer-Dur)       Rila & Vitosha Mts. Calocoris sexguttatus (Fabricius)       Rila & Pirin Mts. Lygocoris contaminatus (Fallen)       West and Central Stara planina, Rhodopi, Pirin,       Rila & Vitosha Mts. Pinalitus rubricatus (Fallen)       Rhodopi, Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Orthocephalus brevis (Panzer)       Rhodopi. Excentricus planicornis (Herrich-Schaffer)       Slavyanka Mt. Orthotylus obscurus Reuter       Central Stara planina. Orthotylus virescens (Douglas & Scott)       Rila & Pirin Mts. Globiceps dispar (Boheman)       Rhodopi, Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Globiceps flavomaculatus (Fabricius)       Rhodopi, Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Cremnocephalus albolineatus Reuter       Rodopi. Cremnocephalus alpestris Wagner       Rhodopi, Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Aradus erosus Fallen       Rila. Aradus truncatus Fieber       Central Stara planina. Aradus pallescens frigidus Kiritschenko       Pirin. Berytinus crassipes (Herrich-Schaffer)       Rila. Lygaeosoma sibiricum Seidenstucker       Slavyanka Mt. Nysius thymi (Wolff)       Western Stara planina, Rhodopi, Pirin,       Rila & Vitosha Mts. Stygnocoris pygmaeus (R. Sahlberg)       Rila & Vitosha Mts. Drymus sylvaticus (Fabricius)       Rila & Vitosha Mts. Gastrodes abietum Bergroth       Rhodopi, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Trapezonotus desertus Seidenstucker       Rhodopi, Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Megalonotus antennatus (Schilling)       Vitosha. Ulmicola spinipes (Fallen)       Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Eurygaster dilaticollis (Dohrn)       Western Stara planina, Rhodopi, Belasitsa,       Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Sciocoris microphthalmus Flor       Rhodopi, Pirin, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Pitedia juniperina (Linnaeua)       Rhodopi, Rila & Vitosha Mts. Picromerus bidens (Linnaeus)       Vitosha. Triolus luridus (Fabricius)       Vitosha. Elasmucha fieberi (Jakovlev)       Pirin. Canthophorus impressus (Horvath)       Pirin & Vitosha Mts.

Appendix 15. Endemic Species of Coleoptera

Carabidae Cicindela (Cicindela) hybrida rumelica Apfelbeck, 1904       Black Sea coast. Carabus (Megodontus) violaceus azurescens Dejean, 1826       Stara planina; Rila; Vitosha. Carabus (Pachystus) cavernosus Frivaldsky, 1837       Stara planina; Rila; Vitosha; Rhodopi;       Sredna gora; Lyulin; Slavyanka; Osogovo. Carabus (Procerus) sommeri bureschianus Breuning, 1928       West Rhodopi. Cychrus semigranulisus balcanicus Hopffgarten, 1881       Stara planina; Rila; Vitosha; Rhodopi;       Sredna gora; Lyulin; ; Osogovo; Belasitsa;       Pirin; Lozenska planina. Nebria (Alpeus) eugeniae K. Daniel, 1903       Rila. Nebria (Alpeus) rhilensis Frivaldsky, 1879       Rila; Pirin; Stara planina. Dyschirius (Dyschirius) simulator Muller, 1922       Sandanski-Petrich valley. Trechus demircapicus Moravec, 1986       Pirin. Trechus gulickai Lobl, 1967       Pirin. Trechus kobingeri bulgaricus Pawlowski, 1972       Lyulin; Vitosha; Osogovo; Rila. Trechus matrismeae Pawlowski, 1972       West Rhodopi. Trechus merkli Pawlowski, 1973       West Stara planina. Trechus obtusus thracicus Pawlowski, 1973       Sakar: Bozkite cave; Strandzha. Trechus orphaeus Pawlowski, 1973       Rila. Trechus pirinicus Pawlowski, 1972       Pirin. Trechus priapus K. Daniel, 1902       Vitosha; Stara planina; Osogovo;       Rila; Rhodopi. Trechus rambouseki Breit, 1909       Rila. Trechus rhilensis Kaufmann, 1884       Rila; Vitosha. Trechus rhodopeius Jeannel, 1921       Rila; Vitosha; Pirin; Belasitsa; Stara       planina; West; Pernik. Trechus subnotatus Dejean, 1831       Sofia; Tryavna; Pirin; Rila; West       Rhodopi; Rouse. Trechus szujeckii Pawlowski, 1972       West Rhodopi. Pheggomisetes buresi Knirsch, 1923       West Stara planina. Pheggomisetes globiceps globiceps Buresch, 1925       West Stara planina. Pheggomisetes globiceps breiti Mandl, 1942       West Stara planina. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) zivkovi deltshevi Gueorguiev, 1965       West Stara planina. Tachys krueperi Apfelbeck, 1904       Trakijska nizina; Strandzha. Bembidion (Bembidionetolitzkya) rhodopense Apfelbeck, 1902       Stara planina; Rila; Pirin. Bembidion (Emphanes) rivulare Apfelbeck, 1904       Black Sea coast. Bembidion (Peryphus) subcostatum javurkovae Fassati, 1944       Dunavska ravnina; Predbalkan; Stara       planina; Podbalkan; Sofiya; Vitosha;       Zemenska planina; Rila; Sandanski-Petrich;       Pirin; Belasitsa; West Rhodopi; East Rhodopi;       Trakijska nizina; Black Sea coast. Bembidion (Philochthus) decolor Apfelbeck, 1911       South Black sea coast. Xenion ignitum (Kraatz, 1875)       Stara planina; Vitosha; Sushtinska Sredna       gora; Rila; Pirin; West Rhodopi. Pterostichus (Aphaon) rhilensis kourili Maran, 1933       Rila; Pirin; West Rhodopi. Pterostichus (Aphaon) rhilensis vitosensis Maran, 1933       Middle Stara planina; Vitosha. Pterostichus (Haptoderus) vecors Tschitscherin, 1897       Stara planina. Pterostichus (Melanius) melanarius bulgaricus Lutshnik, 1915       Rila; Stara planina; Sofia; Razgrad; Kazanluk;       West Rhodopi; Pernik; Sozopol; Vitosha; Bourgas;       Belasitsa. Pterostichus (Pterostichus) brucki Schaum, 1859       Stara planina; Sashtinska Sredna gora;       Vitosha; Rila; Rhodopi; Sakar. Pterostichus (Pterostichus) merkli Frivaldsky, 1879       Stara planina. Pterostichus (Rambousekiella) ledenikensis Knirsch, 1925       West Stara planina. Tapinopterus balcanicus balcanicus Ganglbauer, 1892       Rila; Stara planina; Pirin; West Rhodopi;       Sredna gora. Tapinopterus balcanicus belasiciensis Maran, 1933       Belasitsa. Tapinopterus balcanicus bureschi Maran, 1933       Slavyanka. Tapinopterus bartoni Maran, 1933       Rila; West Rhodopi. Tapinopterus kaufmanni kalofirensis Maran, 1933       Middle Stara planina; Sredna gora;       Vitosha; Plana. Harpalus (s.str.) euchlorus Menetries, 1836       North Black Sea coast. Harpalus (s.str.) serdicanus Apfelbeck, 1904       Vitosha. Singilis fuscipennis Schaum, 1857       Sandanski-Petrich valley. Microlestes apterus Holdhaus, 1904       Sandanski-Petrich valley; Black Sea coast. Parazuphium chevrolati laticolle Hurka, 1987       South Black Sea coast. Aptinus (s.str.) merditamus orientalis Hurka, 1988       Maleshevska planina. Dytiscidae Agabus (Gaurodytes) bulgaricus Csiki, 1943       Slavyanka. Agabus (Dichonectes) balcanicus Heisnik, 1955       Vitosha; Pirin: Bunderitsa; Slavyanka;       Rila: Borovets; Stara planina:       Vrachanski balkan. Hydroporus (s.str.) thracicus Gueorguiev, 1966       Pazardzhik: Ognyanovo. Hydroporus (Sternoporus) gueorguievi Wewalka, 1975       Vitosha; Rila; West Rhodopi. Hydrophilidae Hydraena (s.str.) bulgarica Breit, 1916       Stara planina: Tetevenski balkan. Hydraena (s.str.) pachyptera Apfelbeck, 1909       Vitosha; Strouma: Krapets. Ochthebius granulatus albanicus Apfelbeck, 1907       Vitosha. Ochthebius ponticus Jenistea,1956       Varna. Cholevidae Balcanobius etropolensis Gueorguiev, 1965       Stara planina: Etropole (caves and       precipices). Bathyscia besucheti Giachino, 1991       Gotse Delchev: Mousomishta (cave). Bathyscia raitchevi Casale, Giachino & Etonti, 1990       West Rhodopi: Trigrad. Beronia micevi Gueorguiev, 1960       Belogradchik (caves). Beroniella tetevensis Giachino & Gueorguiev, 1990       Teteven (cave). Beskovia bulgarica Gueorguiev, 1960       Stara planina: Cherepish (cave). Bureschiana drenskii Gueorguiev, 1963       East Rhodopi: Ostrovitsa (cave). Genestiella gueorguievi Giachino, 1992       Troyan: Golyama Zhelezna. Hexaurus merkli (Frivaldszky, 1879)       Stara planina: Shipchenski balkan (cave). Hexaurus paradisi Zerche, 1990       Stara planina: Raj (cave). Hexaurus schipkaensis Zerche, 1990       Stara planina: Shipka (cave). Hexaurus similis (Frivaldszky, 1879)       Stara planina: Shipchenski balkan (cave). Geodromicus schuberti Scheerpeltz, 1937       Stara planina: Botev, Rozalito pole. Geostiba balcanica Zerche, 1988       Middle Stara planina. Geostiba bulbifera Zerche, 1988       Vitosha. Geostiba bulgarica Pace, 1983       Rila. Leptusa rhilensis Pace, 1983       Vitosha; Rila. Ocyusa ferdinandi-coburgi Rambouseck, 1909       Rila; Stara planina: Botev. Ocyusa regis-borisi Scheerpeltz, 1937       Stara planina: Botev. Olophrum bulgaricum Scheerpeltz, 1929       North Bulgaria; Middle Stara planina. Olophrum leonhardi Scheerpeltz, 1929       Rila; Pirin. Omalium bulgaricum Zerche, 1988       Pirin; Rila; West Rhodopi. Ophthalmoniphetodes behnei Zerche, 1990       Vitosha. Ophthalmoniphetodes doeblerae Zerche, 1990       Rila. Ophthalmoniphetodes gracilis Zerche, 1990       Pirin. Ophthalmoniphetodes heidemariae Zerche, 1990       Pirin. Ophthalmoniphetodes ilievi Zerche, 1990       Vitosha. Ophthalmoniphetodes longicornis Zerche, 1990       Pirin. Ophthalmoniphetodes macrocephalus Zerche, 1990       Pirin. Ophthalmoniphetodes musalensis Zerche, 1990       Rila. Ophthalmoniphetodes rhilensis Zerche, 1990       Rila. Ophthalmoniphetodes uhligi Zerche, 1990       Rila. Sipalia bulgarica Scheerpeltz, 1951       Rila; Trakijska nizina. Sipalia rhilensis Pace, 1983       Vitosha; Rila. Stenus bosnicus Bernhauer, 1909       Sandanski-Petrich valley. Stenus heydeni L. Benick, 1915       West Stara planina; Vitosha; Rila. Elateridae Zorochros kourili (Roubal, 1936)       Kresna valley. Athous pfefferi Roubal, 1932       Vitocha; Rila; Slavyanka. Athous hilfi Reitter, 1812       Stara planina; Ograzhden; Rila; Pirin. Athous monilicornis Schwarz, 1897       Stara planina; Vitocha; Rila; Pirin;       Rhodopi. Ctenicera schneebergi (Roubal, 1932)       Stara planina; Rila; Pirin. Haterumelater julianum Penev, 1987       Sandanski-Petrich valley. Adrastus gurjevae Penev, 1983       Maleshevska planina; Rila; Rhodopi. Cardiophorus hinkei (Frivaldsky, 1837)       Sliven; South Black Sea coast. Cardiophorus marani Roubal, 1936       Veliko Turnovo; Sandanski-Petrich       valley; West Rhodopi; Strandzha. Cardiophorus bureschi Roubal, 1936       West Rhodopi; Trakijska nizina. Cardiophorus luciae (Laibner, 1985)       Rila; Sandanski-Petrich valley; East Rhodopi. Buprestidae Acmaeoderella flavofasciata deorum (Obenberger, 1940)       Sandanski-Petrich valley. Sphenoptera buresi Obenberger, 1932       Pirin; Sandanski-Petrich valley. Sphenoptera sceptrifera Obenberger, 1949       Pirin; Sandanski-Petrich valley; South       Black Sea coast. Anthaxia muehlei Niehuis, 1983       West Rhodopi. Anthaxia thessalica Brandl, 1981       Pirin; Sandanski Petrich valley;       Slavyanka; West Rhodopi. Helodidae Helodes bulgharensis Klausnitzer, 1980       Rila. Cyphon furcillatus Nyholm, 1948       Rila. Nitidulidae Meligethes coerulescens Kraatz, 1858       Podbalkan. Mordellidae Mordellistena (s.str.) longicornoides Ermisch, 1965       South Black Sea coast. Mordellistena (s..str.) olympica Ermisch, 1965       South Black Sea coast. Mordellistena (Pseudomordellina) nigrocapillata Ermisch, 1965       South Black Sea coast. Anaspis (Silaria) bernhaueri Roubal, 1910       Sliven. Anaspis (Larisia) mariae Roubal, 1910       Pancharevo; Sliven. Anaspis (Larisia) rambouseki Roubal, 1910       Sliven. Cerambycidae Xylosteus bartoni Obenberger et Maran, 1933       Rila. Brachyta balcanica Hampe, 1870       Sofia; Sredna gora; Sliven; Trakijska nizina;       Sakar; South Black Sea coast. Vadonia imitatrix (Daniel, 1898)       Razgrad. Vadonia moesiaca (Daniel, 1891)       Vitosha; Sandanski-Petrich valley;       Slavyanka; Middle Stara planina;       Trakijska nizina, South Black Sea coast. Saphanus ganglbaueri Brancs. 1886       Vitosha; Lozen; Middle Stara planina;       Rila; Pirin; East Rhodopi. Chlorophorus nigripes Brulle, 1832       South-West Bulgaria: Kresna gorge;       North-East Bulgari: Sindel. Dorcadion laevipunctatum Breuning, 1944       South-West Bulgaria. Dorcadion mincovae Heyrovsky, 1962       Kresna valley. Dorcadion lineaticolle Kraatz, 1873       South-West Bulgaria. Dorcadion gallipolitanum Thomson, 1867       Belasitsa. Dorcadion sturmi Frivaldsky, 1837       Sofia; Konyavska planina; Sredna gora;       Trakijska nizina; Middle Rhodopi. Dorcadion borisi Heyrovsky, 1931       Osogovo; Belasitsa. Dorcadion ljubetense Pic, 1909       Osogovo: Rouen. Oxylia duponcheli (Brulle, 1832)       Trakijska nizina. Chrysomelidae Smaragdina (Monrosia) graeca (Lefevre, 1872)       Strelcha; Dryanovski manastir;       Rabishko ezero; Ognjanovo; Maricostinovo;       Kresna valley; Sredna gora: Mejdenik;       Strandzha; Harmanli; Rhodopi: Panickovo,       Varvara. Bruchidae Acanthoscelides tarnawskii Borowiec, 1980       Rhodopi. Curculionidae Apion (Exapion) hilfi Wagner, 1912       Sandansko-Petrich valley; Pirin. Apion (Omphalapion) rhodopensis Angelov, 1962       Trun; Simitli valley; Pirin; West Rhodopi. Apion (Thymapion) ottonis Wagner, 1914       North Black Sea coast. Apion (s.str.) graecum Desbr., 1896       South Black Sea coast. Otiorrhynchus (Arammichnus) cirrhorhynchoides cirrhorhynchoides Reitter, 1912       Lyulin; Vitosha; Rila; Pirin. Otiorrhynchus (Arammichnus) cirrhorhynchoides hospes Apfelbeck, 1932       Pirin. Otiorrhynchus (Arammichnus) cirrhorhynchoides rhodopicola Apfelbeck, 1932       West Rhodopi. Otiorrhynchus (Arammichnus) gemellatus Stierlin, 1875       West Rhodopi. Otiorrhynchus (Arammichnus) parreyssi Stierlin, 1861       Sredna gora; Vitosha; Rila; Pirin; West       Rhodopi. Otiorrhynchus (Arammichnus) zebei Stierlin, 1861       Podbalkan; Sredna gora; Golo burdo;       Sandanski-Petrich valley; Slavyanka; West       Rhodopi. Otiorrhynchus (Dorymerus) annulipes Apfelbeck, 1832       Vitosha; Black Sea coast. Otiorrhynchus (Dorymerus) bosnicus Stierlin, 1888       Pirin; Rila. Otiorrhynchus (Dorymerus) caviventris Angelov, 1973       Golo burdo, Middle Rhodopi. Otiorrhynchus (Dorymerus) demirkapensis Apfelbeck, 1899       Middle Stara planina; West Sredna gora;       Osogovo; West Rhodopi; Rila; Pirin; Strandzha. Otiorrhynchus (Dorymerus) endrodii Angelov, 1964       Pirin. Otiorrhynchus (Dorymerus) ganglbaueri Stierlin, 1888       Belasitsa. Otiorrhynchus (Dorymerus) inunctus Stierlin, 1861       Vitosha; Pirin; West Rhodopi. Otiorrhynchus (Dorymerus) joakimoffi Apfelbeck, 1932       Pirin. Otiorrhynchus (Dorymerus) rhambouseki Apfelbeck, 1918       Stara planina. Argoptochus viridilimbatus (Apfelbeck, 1899)       Trun; Rila. Mylacus bulgaricus Purkyne, 1949       Middle Rhodopi; Middle Stara planina. Mylacus compactus Angelov, 1973       Sandanski-Petrich valley. Mylacus crinitoides Angelov, 1973       Dobroudzha; Strandzha. Mylacus cylindrirostris Angelov, 1973       Sandanski-Petrich valley. Mylacus laevis Angelov, 1973       Sofia. Mylacus montanus Angelov, 1973       Osogovo. Mylacus punctatus Angelov, 1973       South-West Bulgaria. Mylacus pustulatus Seidlitz, 1868       Radomir valley; Lyulin; Plana; West Rhodopi;       East Rhodopi; Trakijska nizina. Omias taygetanus Purkyne, 1949       Pirin; West Rhodopi. Omias crinitus Reitter, 1906       Dounavska ravnina; Black Sea coast; Strandzha. Urometopus penevi Behne, 1990       Dobroudzha. Rhinomias bulgaricus Angelov, 1990       West Rhodopi. Rhinomias dieckmanni Kostal, 1988       Blask Sea coast. Metacinops rhinomacer Kraatz, 1862       West Rhodopi. Phyllobius aetolicus Apfelbeck, 1915       Rila; Pirin. Phyllobius bulgaricus Apfelbeck 1915       Sredna Gora; Rila; West Rhodopi. Phyllobius cupreoaureus Stierlin, 1861       East Rhodopi; South Blask Sea coast. Phyllobius fulvago Stevens, 1829       Trakijska nizina; Black Sea coast. Phyllobius haberhaueri Apfelbeck 1915       Sliven. Phyllobius lateralis Reiche, 1857       Middle Stara planina; Sandansko-Petrich       valley; West Rhodopi; Trakijska nizina. Phyllobius pictus Stevens 1829       Kyustendil. Phyllobius pinicola Kiesenwetter, 1864       West Stara planina; Sandanski-Petrich valley;       Pirin; West Rhodopi. Phyllobius rhodopensis Apfelbeck, 1898       Vitosha; Sandanski-Petrich valley; Pirin. Phyllobius cupreoaureus Stierlin, 1861       South Black Sea coast. Polydrosus (Eudipnus) cocciferae Kiesenwetter, 1864       Zemen; Sandanski-Petrich valley; Pirin;       Slavyanka. Polydrosus (Eudipnus) sciaphiliformis Apfelbeck, 1899       Vitosha; Pirin; Rila; West Rhodopi. Pselactus bulgaricus Angelov, 1959       Trakijska nizina. Ceuthorrhynchus (Hadroplontus) apfelbecki Schultze, 1897       North Black Sea coast. Ceuthorrhynchus (Oprohinus) cinnamomeus Schultze, 1897       Sliven. Ceuthorrhynchus (s.str.) rhodopensis Dieckmann, 1969       West Stara planina; West Rhodopi;       Trakijska nizina. Ceuthorrhynchus (s.str.) solarius Angelov, 1971       South Black Sea coast. Ceuthorrhynchus (s.str.) karamani Muller, 1921       Simitli. Sibinia abdominalis Tournier, 1873       East and Southwest Bulgaria. Gymnetron (Rhinusa) dieckmanni Behne, 1988       Rila.

Carabus (Megodontus) violaceus bartoni Maran, 1930       Pirin; Slavyanka; Belasitsa. Carabus (Morphocarabus) ullrichi rhilensis Kraatz, 1876       Stara planina; Rila. Carabus (Morphocarabus) versicolor Frivaldsky, 1835       Stara planina. Pheggomisetes globiceps cerovensis Gueorguiev, 1964       West Stara planina. Pheggomisetes globiceps georgievi Z. Karaman, 1958       West Stara planina. Pheggomisetes globiceps ilandjievi Gueorguiev, 1964       West Stara planina. Pheggomisetes globiceps karlukovensis Genest, 1978       West Stara planina. Pheggomisetes globiceps lakatnicensis Jeannel, 1928       West Stara planina. Pheggomisetes globiceps mladenovi Gueorguiev, 1964       West Stara planina. Pheggomisetes globiceps stoicevi Gueorguiev, 1964       West Stara planina. Pheggomisetes radevi radevi Knirsch, 1924       West Stara planina. Pheggomisetes radevi ilcevi Knirsch, 1924       West Stara planina. Pheggomisetes radevi tranteevi Gueorguiev, 1964       West Stara planina. Duvalius (Duvaliotes) beshkovi Coiffait, 1970       Osogovo. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) balcanicus J. Frivaldsky, 1879       Stara planina. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) beroni Gueorguiev, 1971       West Stara planina. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) bulgaricus (Knirsch, 1924)       Middle Stara planina. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) bureschi Jeannel, 1928       West Rhodopi. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) garevi Casale & Genest, 1991       Lovech. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) hannae Hurca, 1990       Middle Stara planina. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) karelhurkai Farkac, 1990       West Rhodopi. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) kotelensis Genest, 1978       East Stara planina. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) legrandi Genest, 1983       Veliko Turnovo. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) papasoffi Mandl, 1942       West Stara planina. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) pretneri Gueorguiev, 1971       West Stara planina. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) rajtchevi Genest & Juberthie, 1983       West Rhodopi. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) regisborisi Buresch, 1926       Middle Stara planina. Duvalius (Paraduvalius) zivkovi zivkovi (Knirsch, 1925)       West Stara planina. Tapinopterus kaufmanni kulti Maran, 1933       Rila; West Rhodopi. Tapinopterus kaufmanni winkleri Mandl, 1936       West Stara planina. Molops alpestris centralis Mlynar, 1977       Vitosha. Molops alpestris rhilensis Apfelbeck, 1904       Rila; Pirin; West Rhodopi. Molops alpestris kalofericus Mlynar, 1977       Stara planina; Sredna gora. Molops dilatatus dilatatus Chaudoir, 1868       Rila; West Rhodopi; Vitosha; Slavyanka;       Belasitsa; Pirin; Plovdiv. Molops dilatatus angulicollis J. Muller, 1936       Stara planina; Strandzha; Sredna gora. Molops doderoi hlisnikovskyi Mlynar, 1977       Slavyanka. Molops piceus bulgaricus Maran, 1938       Rila; Stara planina; Belasitsa; Vitosha;       Kyustendil; Sredna gora; West Rhodopi. Molops rhodopensis rhodopensis Apfelbeck, 1904       Rila; Pirin; West Rhodopi. Molops rhodopensis kourili Maran, 1942       Pirin; Gotse Delshev valley. Molops robustus parallelus Mlynar, 1977       Sofia; Lyulin; Vitosha; Golo Burdo; Kyustendil. Molops rufipes belasicensis Mlynar, 1977       Pirin; Sandansko-Petrich valley; Belasitsa. Molops rufipes golobardensis Mlynar, 1977       Golo Burdo. Molops rufipes klisuranus Apfelbeck, 1902       Stara planina; Milevska planina; Kraishte. Agonum (Platynus) proximum Frivaldsky, 1879       Stara planina. Agonum (Platynus) serbicum Csiki, 1904       Belasitsa. Calathus glabricollis Dejean, 1828       East Dounavska ravnina. Laemostenus (Actenipus) plasoni (Reitter, 1885)       Middle Stara planina; Rila; Pirin; West Rhodopi. Amara (Celia) messae Baliani, 1924       Middle Stara planina; Vitosha; Rila; Pirin. Amara (Celia) municipalis (Duftschmid, 1812)       Rila; Sredna gora; East Rhodopi; Razgrad; Pirin;       Vitosha; Stara planina; Slavyanka. Zabrus (Pelor) balcanicus Heyden, 1883       Stara planina; Vitosha; West Rhodopi; Lyulin;       Sofia; Slive; Rila; East Rhodopi; Sredna gora. Zabrus (Pelor) incrassatus tuleschkovi Maran, 1933       Sandanski-Petrich valley. Zabrus (Pelor) rhodopensis Apfelbeck, 1904       Rila; Slavyanka; Osogovo, Pirin; East Rhodopi;       West Rhodopi; Sliven. Acupalpus planicolis Schaum, 1857       Sandanski-Petrich valley; South Black Sea coast. Netolitzkya jeanneli jeanneli Buresch, 1924       Stara planina: Dryanovski manastir (cave). Netolitzkya jeanneli matroffi Jeannel, 1930       Arbanasi: cave Kalougerova doupka. Netolitzkya maneki maneki J. Muller, 1909       Tryavna (cave). Netolitzkya maneki ilschewi Jeannel, 1924       Veliko Turnovo: Belyakovets (cave). Radevia hanusi Knirsch, 1925       Vratsa: cave Ledenika. Rhodopiola cavicola Gueorguiev, 1960       West Rhodopi: Dobrostan (cave). Tranteeviella bulgarica Pretner, 1958       Stara planina: Teteven: Malka Zhelyazna. Staphylinidae Aleochara gridellii Bernhauer, 1936       Pirin. Alpinia uhligi Pace, 1987       Middle Stara planina. Amischa uhligi Pace, 1987       Middle Stara planina. Atheta atomaroides Brundin, 1948       Rila. Atheta bulgarica Scheerpeltz, 1944       Strouma valley; Trakijska nizina. Atheta fuscicolor G. Benick, 1943       Pirin. Atheta intermissa G. Benick, 1969       Predbalkan; Trakijska nizina. Atheta palata G. Benick, 1970       Pirin. Atheta rumelie G. Benick, 1969       Trakijska nizina. Atheta scintillans Scheerpeltz, 1937       Stara planina: Rozalito pole. Atheta subtilicornis G. Benick, 1943       Rila. Atheta thrax Muona, 1975       Rila. Coryphium balcanicum Zerche, 1990       Middle Stara planina. Deliphrosoma mandli (Scheerpeltz, 1937)       Middle Stara planina. Deliphrosoma pirinense Zerche, 1991       Pirin. Falagria anatolica Fagel, 1969       Rhodopi. Geodromicus montenegrinus Bernhauer, 1941       Pirin. Geodromicus robusticornis Bernhauer, 1941       Rila. Stenus hilfi L. Benick, 1915       Rila. Stenus nodipes Puthz, 1971       Sofya; Rila. Thinobius delicatulus bernhaueri Rambouseck, 1910       Trakijska nizina. Thinobius perpusillus Rambousek 1909       Trakijska nizina. Thinobius rambouseki Smetana, 1959       Sofia; Trakijska nizina. Xantholinus bulgaricus Coiffait, 1972       Stara planina. Xantholinus varnensis Coiffait, 1972       South Black Sea coast. Gabrius bulgaricus Coiffait, 1971       West Rhodopi. Alapsodus bulgaricus Coiffait, 1971       Sofia. Quedius burechi Coiffait, 1971       Vitosha. Quedius schipcanus Scheerpeltz, 1937       Middle Stara planina. Quedius bulgaricus Scheerpeltz, 1937       Middle Stara planina. Quedius troglophilus Coiffait, 1969       West Stara planina. Quedius ponteuxinus Coiffait, 1970       South Black Sea coast. Quedius gueorguievi Coiffait, 1967       West Stara planina: Zasele (Porojnata doupka). Quedius rodopianus Coiffait, 1971       West Rhodopi. Lobrathium bureschi Scheerpeltz, 1937       Middle Stara planina. Lathrobium bulgaricum Raitschev, 1987       Dounavska ravnina; Dragichevi blata. Lathrobium leonardi Breit, 1912       Rila. Medon coriaceum Coiffait, 1969       Melnik. Medon bulgaricus Coiffait, 1970       South Black Sea coast. Medon umbilicatus Coiffait, 1970       South Black Sea coast. Scopaeus ectypus Coiffait, 1971       Dounavska ravnina. Scopaeus bulgaricus Coiffait, 1971       South Black Sea coast. Astenus bulgaricus Coiffait, 1971       Vitosha. Lasteva albanica Bernhauer, 1936       Middle Stara planina; Rila; Pirin. Lasteva uhligi Zanetti, 1984       Middle Stara planina. Cantharidae Cantharis bulgarica Svihla, 1983       Sandanski-Petrich valley; Pirin. Malthinus bulgaricus Svihla, 1990       Sandanski. Malthodes serbotae macedonicus Svihla, 1980       Rila. Endomychidae Sphaerosoma csikii Apfelbeck, 1916       Rila; Vitosha. Sphaerosoma shardaghensis Apfelbeck, 1916       Rila. Sphaerosoma sturanyi Apfelbeck, 1909       Rila; Vitosha; Central Stara planina. Coccinellidae Hyperaspis minois Fursch, 1985       Nesebur, Melnik. Meloidae Mylabris (Coryna) confluens Reiche, 1865       South Black Sea coast: Bourgas;       Strandzha: Malko Turnovo.   Tenebrionidae Pedinus oblongus Mulsant & Rey, 1853       Sandanki-Petrich valley. Colpotus byzantinicus Waltl, 1838       South Black Sea. Melanomon inermus Picka, 1983       Riverside of Ropotamo. Laena heydeni Weise, 1880       Vitosha; Pirin; Sandanski-Petrich valley. Laena swarzi Reitter, 1885       Strandzha; South Black Sea coast. Laena graeca Weise, 1878       Ludogorsko plato; South Black Sea coast. Laena apfelbecki Schuster, 1815       North Black sea coast. Cataphronetis reitteri Seidliz, 1894       South Black Sea. Dichillus carinatus (Kuster, 1884)       Sandanki-Petrich valley. Idastrandiella allardi (Reitter, 1884)       Sandanki-Petrich valley. Probaticus (Pelorinus) fuelei (Kuster, 1850)       Trakijska nizina. Probaticus (Pelorinus) maurus (Waltl, 1838)       Trakijska nizina; Sakar; South Black Sea coast. Gunarus bulgaricus Medvedev et Angelov, 1981       Sandanki-Petrich valley; Sakar. Cylindronotus (Stenomax) steindachneri Apfelbeck, 1906       Trakijska nizina; Sakar. Cylindronotus (Omeleis) intricatus (Allard, 1877)       Belasitsa. Scarabaeidae Psammodius (s.str.) bulgaricus Mencl, 1982       South Black Sea coast. Psammodius (Leiopsammodius) strumae Chromy, 1983       Sandanski-Petrich valley. Rhodopaea angelovi Gruev et Tomov, 1968       Middle Rhodopi: Zdravec. Chrysolina (Colaphoptera) globosa reprehensa Bechyne, 1950       Germanski manastir; Dragalevtsi; Krustec;       Sredna gora: Bogdan. Chrysolina (Colaphoptera) notiophila Bechyne, 1952       Rila: Borovets; Sredna gora: Fenera, Bogdan,       P. Deliradev. Oreina (Protorina) melanocephala schipkana (Jakob, 1953)       Stara planina: Shipka. Oreina (Romalorina) variabilis balkanica (Weise, 1883)       Rhodopi; Rila; Vitosha; Osogovo; Stara       planina. Oreina (s.str.) speciosissima drenskii (Gruev, 1974)       Pirin: Bajovi doupki; Rila. Gonioctena (Goniomena) pallida reticulata (Bechyne, 1947)       Rhodopi: Zdravets; Stara planina: Svoge;       Turnovo; Rila: Partizanska poljana, Musala,       Caira; Vitosha: Bojana, Aleko, Dragalevtsi; Pirin:       Yane Sandanski. Luperus rhilensis Weise, 1900       Rila: Damga. Phyllotreta pontoaegeica Gruev, 1982       Bourgas. Aphthona parnassicola Heikertinger, 1944       Melnik: Rozhenski manastir; Sliven:       Karandila; Golo burdo; Strandzha: Fakiya;       East Rhodopi: Ardino: Beli brezi. Longitarsus behnei Gruev, 1989       Pirin: Vihren, Kabata. Longitarsus solaris Gruev, 1977       Slancev bryag. Orestia bulgarica Heikertinger, 1910       Vitosha, Rila, Stara planina: Sliven. Derocrepis (Aeschrocnemis) serbica rhilensis Gruev, 1974       Rila: Yakoruda. Derocrepis (Aeschrocnemis) serbica rhodopensis Gruev, 1973       Rhodopi: Bachkovski manastir, Panickovo,       Gulabovo, Zdravets, Rhodopski partizanin,       Cudnite mostove, Michalkovo, Ardino,       Ivailovgad, Kroumovgrad. Derocrepis (Aeschrocnemis) serbica slavicus Gruev, 1979       Trun. Chaetocnema (s.str.) imitatrix Gruev, 1990       Vitosha. Psylliodes (s.str.) magnificus Gruev, 1975       Strandzha: Bolyarovo; Achtopol; Ropotamo. Cassida (s.str.) rufovirens rhilensis Weise, 1891       Rila, Stara planina. Otiorrhynchus (Dorymerus) sorbivorus Reitter, 1913       Vitosha; Rila; West Rhodopi. Otiorrhynchus (Dorymerus) trigradus Angelov, 1974       West Rhodopi. Otiorrhynchus (Dorymerus) verrucipes Apfelbeck, 1898       South Black Sea coast. Otiorrhynchus (Neotournieria) bureschi Apfelbeck, 1932       Middle Rhodopi; North Black Sea coast;       Strandzha. Otiorrhynchus (s.str.) bohemanni Stierlin, 1877       Pirin; West Rhodopi. Otiorrhynchus (s.str.) cepelarus Angelov, 1974       West Rhodopi. Otiorrhynchus (s.str.) elegantinus Angelov, 1974       West Stara planina. Otiorrhynchus (s.str.) lithanthracius hospitus Reitter, 1912       Rila. Otiorrhynchus (s.str.) petryszaki Mazur 1983       Middle Stara planina. Otiorrhynchus (s.str.) pirinus Angelov, 1974       Pirin. Otiorrhynchus (s.str.) rhilensis Stierlin, 1888       Middle Stara planina; Rila; Pirin; West Rhodopi. Otiorrhynchus (s.str.) splendidus Reitter, 1913       Rila; West Rhodopi. Otiorrhynchus (s.str.) tournierioides Apfelbeck, 1932       Sliven. Otiorrhynchus (Tournieria) albidus Stierlin, 1861       East Black Sea coast; Golo burdo;       Zemenska plaina; Simitli valley; Sandanski-       Petrich valley; Pirin; Rhodopi; Slavyanka. Otiorrhynchus (Tournieria) gotzi Angelov, 1964       Rila. Otiorrhynchus (Tournieria) juglandis Apfelbeck, 1896       Pirin; Slavyanka; West Rhodopi; Trakijska       nizina; Black Sea coast. Otiorrhynchus (Tournieria) ropotamus Angelov, 1974       Trakijska nizina; South Black Sea coast;       Strandzha. Otiorrhynchus (Tournieria) serdicanus Apfelbeck, 1922       Vitosha; Pirin; West Rhodopi. Troglorhynchus beroni Angelov, 1985       East Rhodopi: cave Jukaya. Troglorhynchus gueorgievi Angelov, 1985       Middle Stara planina: cave Jalovitsa. Argoptochus bulgaricus Angelov, 1987       Slavyanka planina. Argoptochus markovensis Angelov, 1987       West Rhodopi; East Rhodopi; Trakijska nizina;       Sakar; Black Sea coast; Strandzha. Polydrosus (Metadrosus) schwiegeri Reitter, 1908       Golo burdo; Dobruza. Polydrosus (Neodrosus) thalassinus Gyllenhal, 1834       Sandanski-Petrich valley; Trakijska nizina;       Black Sea coast. Trachyphloeus alens Angelov, 1980       Mesta valley; West Rhodopi; Slavyanka;       Trakijska nizina. Trachyphloeus amplithorax Formanek, 1907       Dobroudzha. Trachyphloeus bosnicus Apfelbeck, 1898       Rila; Pirin; West Rhodopi. Trachyphloeus globipennis Reitter, 1894       Black Sea coast; Strandzha. Trachyphloeus turcicus Seidlitz, 1868       Kresna gorge; Dobroudzha. Trachyphloeus ypsilon Seidlitz, 1868       Trakijska nizina. Trachyphloeus suomalaineni Petryszak, 1990       Pirin; West Rhodopi. Foucartia dieckmanni Angelov, 1986       Dobroudzha; Black Sea coast; Strandzha. Foucartia sacarensis Angelov, 1987       Sakar. Brachysomus rumelicus Apfelbeck, 1899       Sliven. Tropiphorus caesius Frivaldsky, 1879       Stara planina; Vitosha; Rila; Pirin; West       Rhodopi. Auchmerestes kiesenwetteri Kraatz, 1862       West Rhodopi. Tanymecus bulgaricus Angelov, 1990       Trakijska nizina. Cneorrhinus bulgaricus Formanek, 1912       North Black Sea coast. Larinus (s.str.) bulgaricus Vos, 1943       North Black Sea coast. Lixus (Ortholixus) bituberculatus Smreczynski, 1968       Sandanski-Petrich valley; Trakijska nizina;       Black Sea coast. Donus virescens (Petri, 1901)       Sliven. Alophus kaufmanni Stierlin, 1884       Middle Stara planina; Rila; West Rhodopi. Alophus rhodopensis Reitter, 1912       Stara planina; Vitosha; Rila; Simitli; Pirin;       West Rhodopi. Plinthus sturmi bulgaricus Meregalli, 1985       Middle Stara planina; Rila; Pirin; West       Rhodopi. Acalles ganglbaueri Solari, 1907       Middle Stara planina. Bagous bulgaricus Angelov, 1989       Sofia: Koumaritsa; Trakijska nizina. Xenotychius dalmatinus Penecke, 1922       Podbalkan; West Rhodopi. Tychius exiguus Faust, 1889       Gotse-Delchev valley; Sakar; South Black       Sea coast. Tychius consputus Kiesenwetter, 1864       South Black Sea coast. Cionus griseopubens Wingelmuller, 1914       Middle Stara planina; Rila; Sandanski-Petrich       valley; Pirin. Nanophyes smreczynskii Dieckmann, 1963       Rila; Sandanski-Petrich valley; Trakijska       nizina; Black Sea coast; Strandzha. Mecinus bulgaricus Angelov, 1971       Trakijska nizina. Miarus balcanicus Desbrochers, 1893       Middle Stara planina; East and Middle       Rhodopi; Sakar; Sandanski-Petrich valley. Orchestes (Pseudorchestes) michalki (Dieckmann, 1963)       West Stara planina; West Rhodopi.

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