Description
Biological Distinctiveness
The Mixed Grass prairie was recognized by Clements (1920) as a mixture of the tallgrass and shortgrass prairies. The dominant grasses found here include grama (Bouteloua gracilis), little bluestem (Schizachrium scoparium), needle-and-thread grass (Stipa comata), wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii), Carex filifolia, junegrass (Koelaria cristata), and Poa secunda. Kuchler (1964) classified the dominant vegetation as wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass. Essentially, the floristic composition of this unit was determined largely by drought and grazing pressure, with fire having a less prominent role than in the tallgrass prairie ecoregions.
Further north in the ecoregion, the transitional grassland ecoclimate supports a vegetation of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) groves, mixed tall shrubs, and intermittent fescue grasslands. Generally, quaking aspen and shrubs occur on moist sites while bur oak and grass species occur on increasingly drier sites. The southeast portion of the ecoregion tends to be warmer and drier. Remaining native vegetation in this portion of the ecoregion is dominated by spear grass and wheat grass. In addition, local saline deposits support alkali grass, wild barley, red sampire, and sea blite. In the separated Cypress Upland, fescue and wheatgrass grow below 1000 m, and mixed montane forests of lodgepole pine, deciduous trees and shrubs grow at higher elevations. Larkspur (Delphinium sp.), death camas (Zigadenus elegans), and wild lupine (Lupinus sp.) are found here and nowhere else in the prairies.
The topography is broken by many glacial pothole lakes, making this ecoregion the most productive breeding area for waterfowl in the U.S. Other wildlife characteristic of the moist mixed grassland are black-tailed and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus and O. virginianus), pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), coyote (Canis latrans), short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma douglassi), western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis), rabbit (Sylvilagus sp.) and sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) (ESWG 1995). Yellow-rumped warbler (Dendroica coronata) is also found only in this part of the prairies. Bison were once a common feature of this ecoregion. Grazing by ungulates, fire, and drought were major sources of disturbance.
The ecoregion provides continentally significant waterfowl production and is a major staging area. It is estimated that up to 80 percent of the wetlands, however, have been lost or degraded. The Cypress Uplands (Alberta/Saskatchewan), which are believed to have escaped the last glaciation, are located in this ecoregion. A large number of disjunct species populations of both flora and fauna are found here.
Conservation Status
Habitat Loss
Virtually no major areas of intact habitat remain. It is estimated that more than 75 percent of the ecoregion has been heavily altered. Agricultural conversion of natural prairie is the prime reason for the high rate of habitat loss. Most of the less altered patches of habitat, however, contain representatives of the native flora.
Remaining Blocks of Intact Habitat
No completely intact blocks of habitat remain. Restoration of some areas is just beginning. The following sites may be characterised more as large fragments or clusters of fragmented habitat.
•Turtle Mountain - southern Manitoba - on the border of the ecoregion
•Prairie Coteau - northeastern South Dakota- only part, also included in the central tall grasslands
•Last Mountain Lake - southern Saskatchewan - an important prairie restoration site and a huge migratory bird stopover area
•Missouri WSR - 324 km2 of habitat (unprotected)
•J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge - north central North Dakota - 269 km2
•Pembina Gorge - northeastern North Dakota
•Prairie Coteau
•Sheyenne Delta
•Cypress Hills/Uplands - Alberta and Saskatchewan
•Dundurn Military Reserve - Saskatchewan
Degree of Fragmentation
As stated above, the small patches of altered habitat worthy of conservation consideration are essentially isolated and highly fragmented.
Degree of Protection
Few sites are protected. These include:
•Rumsey Ecological Refuge - Alberta
•Hand Hills Ecological Refuge - Alberta
•Lost Mountain Lake
•Cypress Hills Provincial Park - Saskatchewan - 183.51 km2
•Rumsey South - Alberta - 125 km2
•Douglas Provincial Park - 61.44 km2
•Hand Hills Ecological Reserve - Alberta - 22.29 km2
•Danielson Provincial Park - Saskatchewan - 21.53 km2
•Blackstrap Provincial Park - Saskatchewan -5.26 km2
•Pike Lake Provincial Park - Saskatchewan - 5 km2
Types and Severity of Threats
Virtually all of the ecoregion has already been converted or heavily altered. Introduction of prairie exotics and intensification of habitat conversion (including altered habitat to more heavily altered habitat) for agricultural purposes are major threats. Disturbance to major waterfowl populations is a concern.
Suite of Priority Activities to Enhance Biodiversity Conservation
•Restoration: there is a need to identify as many remnant habitat patches as possible and to review their status to determine priority areas for restoration. Opportunities include the Prairie Coteau area, further work on Last Mountain Lake (Sask.), a review of Wildlife Habitat Protection lands, and lands held by Ducks Unlimited.
•The following steps are recommended to restore representative examples of this ecoregion:
•systematically identify remnants
•protect and restore these areas to prevent critical loss of this ecosystem
•design an ecoregion strategy based upon bringing back small pieces of this unit
Conservation Partners
Alberta Wilderness Association
Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, Calgary/Banff Chapter
Critical Wildlife Habitat Program
Ducks Unlimited Canada
Endangered Spaces Campaign - Manitoba
Endangered Spaces Campaign - Saskatchewan
Federation of Alberta Naturalists
Manitoba Heritage Habitat Corporation
Manitoba Naturalists Society
Meewasin Valley Authority
The Nature Conservancy of Nebraska
The Nature Conservancy, Alberta
The Nature Conservancy, British Columbia
The Nature Conservancy, Tallgrass Prairie Office
Nature Saskatchewan
Prairie Conservation Forum
Resource Conservation Manitoba
Society of Grassland Naturalists
US Fish and Wildlife Service
World Wildlife Fund Canada
Relationship to other classification schemes
The boundary for the Northern Mixed Grasslands is derived from Sims (1988). It corresponds to Omernik (1995) ecoregion 46 (Northern Glaciated plains) in the U.S., and Küchler (1985) unit no.60 (wheatgrass, bluestem, needlegrass). The comparable Bailey (1994) sections south of the Canada-U.S. border are: 332A (Northeast Glaciated Plains) 332B (Western Glaciated Plains), 251B (North Central Glaciated Plains-extreme Western part).
In Canada, most of this ecoregion is Moist Mixed Grassland (TEC 157), surrounding Fescue Grassland. Separated from the larger portion of the ecoregion is the Cypress Upland (TEC 160), which is an outlier of the montane vegetative zone that occurs on the lower slopes of the Rocky Mountains (Ecological Stratification Working Group 1995). This ecoregion includes both Grassland and Boreal forest regions, specifically Aspen-Oak, Aspen Grove and Northern Foothills Boreal forest sections (16, 17 and 19a) (Rowe 1972).
Prepared by: J. Shay, G. Whelan-Enns, A. Appleby, R. Usher, K. Kavanagh, M. Sims, S. Chaplin, P. Sims, K. Carney, E. Dinerstein