Southern North America: Southern Mexico

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Located in the west central section of the country, the landscape of this ecoregion consists of steep slopes, canyons, and valleys. One of the most developed areas in México, little remains of the original forest; patches of original habitat, rarely larger than 20 km2 remain.. Part of this ecoregion is an Endemic Bird Area, little is known of the biodiversity of this region. One protected area exists around Chapala Lake. More are needed to save the remaining habitat from cattle farming and industry, which have virtually wiped the original forest.

  • Scientific Code
    (NT0204)
  • Ecoregion Category
    Neotropical
  • Size
    14,400 square miles
  • Status
    Critical/Endangered
  • Habitats

Description
Location and General Description
This ecoregion is situated in western central Mexico, and forms part of the central trans-volcanic belt. Topography varies and consists of valleys (between 1000-2000 m above sea level) interspersed with steep slopes and canyons. Soils tend to be shallow, well-drained, and rocky, and are predominantly derived from volcanic and sedimentary rocks, especially limestone. The climate is tropical subhumid, with precipitation levels between 500-930 mm/year, with a long dry season that can last up to eight months (Rzedowski 1987). According to Rzedowski and McVaugh (1966), major habitats include areas of true dry forests interspersed with extensive areas of subtropical scrub (Rzedowski 1978). A majority of the ecoregion grows on the slopes of deep canyons, bounded by pine-oak forests of the trans-volcanic belt at higher elevations, and deciduous forests at lower elevations. Once dominated by deciduous forests, the habitat is now a mosaic of forest patches, thorn scrub, and subtropical matorral (Rzedowski 1987). The forested areas are dominated by tree species such as Bursera copallifera, B. palmeri, B. bipinnata, Ipomoea intrapilosa, I. Murucoides, Ceiba aesculifolia, Euphorbia fulva, Leucaena glauca, and Lysiloma divaricata. The scrub stratum is composed mainly of Acacia farnesian, and Eysenhardtia polystachya, and herbaceous stratum is composed of Bouteloua filiformis, B. curtipendula, Hilaria cenchroides, Muhlenbergia stricta, and M. rigida. Thornscrub habitats are dominated by mesquite (Prosopis laevigata) and huamúchil (Pithecellobium dulce), and interspersed with saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) and Eragrostis obtusiflora. Subtropical matorral habitats consist of Acacia pennatula mixed with other Acacia, Ipomoea and Bursera, interspeOpuntia, and Stenocereus.

Biodiversity Features
The Bajío dry forests have been severely disturbed by urban expansion, dating back many centuries. Dry deciduous forests once covered over 11,000 km2 of this ecoregion, but now exists only as small remnants, each no larger than 20 km2, which are confined to ridges and isolated peaks (Rzedowski 1987). The dry forests were once extensive, stood 6-12m tall, and contained almost 6,000 trees per hectare, representing 57 different species (Rzedowski 1987). Challenger (1998) confirms that in the past these forests must have covered a vast area, allowing for the radiation and speciation of many birds. The current landscape consists of a mosaic of human use, scattered marshes and lakes, and forested patches in various states of succession. A prominent feature, in terms of biodiversity, is Lake Chapala, which supports a rich and endemic ichthyofauna that is currently in danger of extinction. In other aspects, this region is poorly known in terms of its biodiversity features. Part of this ecoregion is covered by the Central Mexican marshes Endemic Bird Area (Stattersfield et al., 1998).

Mammals include Mexican wolf (Canus lupus baileyi), and pocketed free-tailed bat (Nyctinomops femorosaccus).

Birds include Black-throated magpie jay (Calocitta colliei), thick-billed kingbird (Tyrannus crassirostris), whiskered screech owl (Otus trichopsus), orange-fronted parakeet (Aratinga caniculanis), dwarf vireo (Vireo nelsoni), and black-polled yellowthroat (Geothlypis speciosa).

Current Status
The Bajío dry forests are situated in one of the most developed areas (in terms of industry and agriculture) in México. Agriculture, cattle farming and the textile industry were well developed by the beginning of the 18th century (Challenger 1998), and the soil and topography were ideal for human exploitation (Rzedowski 1987). As a result only 5% of the original habitat remains (Dirzo 1992), much of which is in successional stages. Endemic species that this region once contained are now facing extinction (Dirzo 1994). Only one protected area has been established to preserve the region of the Chapala lake, and the surrounding dry forest. Another three areas have recently been proposed (SEMARNAP 1996). Several Important Bird Areas have been identified within this ecoregion, including Cuitzeo, Laguna De Chapala, and Laguna De Yuriria (Benitez et al. 1999). CONABIO has recently identified a set of terrestrial priority regions for Mexico, several of which partially occur in this ecoregion. These include Cerro Viejo-Sierras de Chapala and Cerro Ancho-Lago de Cuitzeo (Arriaga et al. 2000).

Types and Severity of Threats
Cattle and sheep grazing have also been a major source of forest destruction. Mining is an additional threat. In Guanajuato, the mining industry caused the destruction of large portions of dry forests at the time the Spanish controlled Mexico.

Justification of Ecoregion Delineation
This ecoregion was delineated to encompass the dry forests of the Bajío area, which contains marked species endemism. Initial linework and classification was determined following INEGI current landcover maps (1996), Rzedowski (1978), and expert opinion from ecoregion workshops (CONABIO 1996 and 1997)) to encompass these unique forests. Because most of this landscape has been converted to agriculture, the expert opinions of Rzedowski (pers. comm.) were the primary factors influencing the linework presented here. This ecoregion is distinguished from the Balsas dry forests to the south by the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt which acts as a formidable barrier to some species dispersal.

References
Arriaga, L., J. M. Espinoza, C. Aguilar, E. Martínez, L. Gómez, y E. Loa (coordinadores). 2000. Regiones terrestres prioritarias de México. Escala de trabajo 1:1 000 000. México: Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y uso de la Biodiversidad.

Benitez, H., C. Arizmendi, y L. Marquez. 1999. Base de datos de las AICAS. Mexico: CIPAMEX, CONABIO, FMCN y CCA.

Challenger, A. 1998. Utilización y conservación de los ecosistemas terrestres de México. Pasado, presente y futuro. México: Conabio, IBUNAM y Agrupación Sierra Madre.

CONABIO Workshop, 17-16 September, 1996. Informe de Resultados del Taller de Ecoregionalización para la Conservación de México.

CONABIO Workshop, Mexico, D.F., November 1997. Ecological and Biogeographical Regionalization of Mexico.

Dirzo, R. 1992. Diversidad florística y estado de conservación de las selvas tropicales de México. Pages 283-290 in J. Sarukhán, y R. Dirzo, editors, México ante los retos de la biodiversidad. México: Conabio.

Dirzo, R. 1994. In: Robles-Gil, editor, Mexican diversity of flora. México: Cemex y Sierra Madre.

INEGI Map (1996) Comision Nacional Para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) habitat and land use classification database derived from ground truthed remote sensing data Insitituto Nacional de Estastica, Geografia, e Informática (INEGI). Map at a scale of 1:1,000,000.

Rzedowski, J. 1978. Vegetación de Mexico. Editorial Limusa. Mexico, D.F., Mexico.

Rzedowski, J. pers.comm. at CONABIO Workshop, 17-16 September, 1996. Informe de Resultados del Taller de Ecoregionalización para la Conservación de México

Rzedowski, J., y R. McVaugh. 1966. La Vegetación de Nueva Galicia. Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium. IX (9): 1-123.

Rzedowski, J., y G. Calderón de Rzedowski. 1987 El bosque tropical caducifolio de la región mexicana del Bajío. Trace, México. 12: 12-21.

SEMARNAP. 1996. Programa de áreas naturales protegidas de México 1995-2000. México: Secretaria de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca.

Stattersfield, A. J., M. J. Crosby, A. J.,Long, and D. C. Wege. 1998. Endemic bird areas of the World, priorities for biodiversity conservation. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International.

Prepared by: Alejandra Valero, Jan Schipper, and Tom Allnutt
Reviewed by: In process

 

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