World Wildlife Fund

The principle threats to Madagascar's biodiversity come from the small-scale but widespread clearance of habitats, primarily for firewood and charcoal production. Other threats include subsistence agriculture, overfishing and the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems.

Agriculture
Most of Madagascar's dry forests have been cleared for slash-and-burn agriculture, pasture, firewood, or construction materials. Most of this previously forested area is now covered by secondary grasslands and what remains of the forest is being gnawed away by burning of surrounding degraded savannas. Mangroves are faring relatively better. However, little has been done to protect these ecosystems which are sensitive to urban development, overfishing and introduced fish species.

Forests
As Madagascar's forests continue to be cut, soil erosion is leaving the land bare yet unfit for agriculture. Increased sediment loads are silting estuaries and smothering sensitive marine habitats. This is having a devastating impact on the island’s marine species as well as the livelihoods of local fishing communities.

Wildlife trade
Madagascar is a major center of biodiversity, with many unique species of plants and animals. Wildlife trade continues to weaken populations of endemic animals and vegetation – especially amphibians, reptiles and succulent plants. These native species are hunted and collected by people as a source of much-needed income and food.

Fishing
The rich waters surrounding Madagascar are important fisheries for local communities, who rely on them for livelihoods and as a source of protein. However, poorly regulated fishing has resulted in the arrival of foreign fleets. These boats push aside smaller-scale fishermen and unsustainably harvest marine species such as shark and lobster.

Climate change
The waters surrounding Madagascar teem with life, yet these ecosystems and animals are highly vulnerable to climate change. The wetlands and mangroves on the western coast are vulnerable to sea level rise, while corals are under pressure from bleaching and changes in ocean chemistry. Changes in seasonal current and weather patterns can also dramatically affect reef health and the migration of whales and turtles.