Near Gila Wilderness, Sierra Madre, New Mexico Photograph by John Morrison   Temperate Coniferous Forests   42,100 square miles (109,100 square kilometers) -- slightly smaller than Louisiana Relatively Stable/Intact

· Biological Distinctiveness
· Conservation Status
· Conservation Activities
· Relationships
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Introduction

The Arizona Mountain Forest extends from the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona to south of the Mogollon Plateau into portions of southwestern Mexico and eastern Arizona. This area consists mainly of steep foothills and mountains, but includes some deeply dissected high plateaus (Bailey 1995:64). Elevations range from 1370 to 3,000 m with some peaks to 3,840 m. Soils types have not been well defined; however, most soils are entisols with alfisols and inceptisols in upland areas (Bailey 1995:65). Stony land and rock outcrops occupy large areas on the mountains and foothills.

Vegetation zones in this ecoregion resemble the Rocky Mountain Life Zones but at higher elevations (Bailey 1995:64). Although forests in this ecoregion are too far south to support distinct alpine communities, they do have a well-defined Transition Zone at 1980-2440 m where a cool, moist climate supports pine forests above the drier pinyon-juniper-oak woodlands of lower elevations (Kricher and Morrison 1993:252). These forests are both wet and cold, averaging 635 mm to 1000 mm with annual precipitation increasing in the upper elevation Canadian Zone (Lowe and Brown 1994:10). The growing season is typically less than75 days with occasional nighttime frosts.

The Transition Zone in this region comprises a strong Mexican fasciation, including Chihuahua pine (Pinus leiophylla) and Apache pine (P. engelmannii) and unique varieties of ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa var. arizonica; Kricher and Morrison 1993:253). Such forests are open and parklike and contain many bird species from Mexico seldom seen in the U.S.. The Canadian Zone (above 2000 m) includes mostly Rocky Mountain species of mixed-conifer communities such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menzeisii), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and white fir (corkbark variety, A. lasiocarpa var. arizonica). Dwarf juniper (Juniperus communis) is an understory shrubby closely associated with spruce/fir forests. Exposed sites include southwestern white pine (P. strobiformis, a variety of limber pine), while disturbed north-facing sites consists primarily of lodgepole pine (P. contorta) or Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides).

Virgin forests in this region often exceed 25 m in height and are commonly layered in 2- or more age classes (Pace and Brown 1994:37). Below 2,900 m one or more of the age classes may be composed solely of Quaking aspen, an important wildlife habitat component and pioneer species following fire (Pace and Brown 1994:37). Wetter sites contain Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum), Bebb willow (Salix bebbiana), scouler willow (S. scouleriana), blueberry elder (Sambucus glauca), thin-leafed alder (Alnus tenuifolis), or bitter cherry (Prunus emarginata). Dry windy sites may be occupied by limber pine (P. flexis) and Bristelcone pine (P. aristata). At lower elevations (less than 2600 m) Douglas-fir intermingles with ponderosa pine and white fir (A. concolor).

Biological Distinctiveness

In general, this ecoregion was considered regionally outstanding because of its relatively high levels of species richness (2,817 spp) and endemism (132 spp). Plants were the richest (78% of the total species) taxa, followed by birds (7%) and butterflies (7%), snails (3%) and mammals (3%) and other taxa. Most (26%) endemics were also plants.

This ecoregion was also the southern extent of spruce/fir forests and northern extent of many Mexican wildlife species, including tropical birds and reptiles. The Gila Wilderness in southwestern New Mexico contains perhaps the largest and "healthiest" ponderosa pine forest in the world. The region also has outstanding subterranean biodiversity with an extensive cave fauna in Guadelupe. In addition, there is great potential for restoring Mexican wolf (Canis lupus) and grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) populations in the area because of its remoteness and juxtaposition to other ecoregions where these species were formerly prevalent.

Of local conservation importance is the status of riparian areas. Riparian areas, in general, represent less than 1 percent of southwestern landscapes yet are critically important to wildlife, water quality, and fish habitat (Ohmart 1995).

Conservation Status

Habitat Loss and Degradation

In general, the ecoregion was considered relatively stable with approximately 25 percent of it still intact. However, several threats to the ecoregion were identified by workshop participants and the published literature, including the following:

• logging and related fragmentation of old growth and roadless areas
• severe overgrazing in wilderness areas
• heavily degraded stream channels and loss of habitat for the endangered Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae) and southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus; Ohmart 1995).
• global endangerment of Freemont cottonwood (P. fremontii) and Goodding willow (S. gooddingii). These trees grow primarily in wet soils along streams.
• timber harvest in mature and old growth forests preferred by the Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida; Grubb et al. 1997) and northern goshawk (Accipiter gentalis) (particularly on the Kaibab Plateau; Crocker-Bedford 1990)

Several sizeable blocks of intact habitat remain in this ecoregion including the following areas:

• Aldo Leopold-Gila Wilderness - southwestern New Mexico
• Blue Range Primitive Area - eastern Arizona
• Guadalupe-Carlsbad area - southeastern New Mexico and western Texas
• Kaibab Plateau and national forest - north-central Arizona
• Grand Canyon National Park - northwestern Arizona
• Chuska Mountains on Navaho lands - northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico
• Mazatzal Complex - central Arizona
• Superstition Mountains - central Arizona
• El Malpais National Monument and Conservation Area - western New Mexico

In addition, Foreman and Wolke (1992:298) identified several large (40,000 ha) roadless areas, including:

• Sycamore Canyon-Secret Mountains - north-central Arizona
• Hellsgate - central Arizona
• Four Peaks - central Arizona
• Salt River; Baldy Bill - central Arizona
• Eagle Creek; Gila Mountains - eastern Arizona
• Galiuro Mountains - eastern Arizona

Habitat fragmentation in this region has been primarily related to timber harvest in roadless areas and old age forest classes (McClellan 1992, Pase and Brown 1994:45). Several areas were recommended by workshop participants as potential corridors for minimizing fragmentation and insularization effects, including connecting the Gila complex with the Sky Islands to the south for future wolf movements; connecting the Gila complex with the Mataxal complexes at Showlow New Mexico; and connecting riverine habitat through stream buffers designed to restore degraded fish populations.

The large wilderness areas identified above are largely protected from logging; however, grazing continues to be a concern in some wilderness areas. In general, about 9 percent of the ecoregion is in areas permanetly protected from industrial logging and mining (DellaSala et al. 1997).

There are several threats to the ecoregion, including conversion (road building, timber harvest); degradation (fire suppression, mining, ORV use, logging, fuel gathering); and potential wildlife losses (high threat to future Mexican wolf reintroduction from poaching)(McClellan 1992). Additional threats to riparian areas (Ohmart 1995, Randall 1995), and old growth forests and roadless areas (McClellan 1992, Crocker-Bedford 1992, Pase and Brown 1994, Grubb et al. 1997) were identified in the literature.

Suite of Priority Activities to Enhance Biodiversity Conservation

• Within this ecoregion the best opportunities for conservation include the following:
• control overgrazing on the Diamond Bar allotment in the Gila Wilderness
• protect and restore degraded native fish populations, particularly endemic trout through habitat restoration in degraded riparian areas
• protect remaining old growth and roadless areas
• promote reintroduction of the Mexican wolf and maintain habitat connections across ecoregions of suitable occupation
• designate Blue Range Wilderness area
• restore fire to fire-suppressed forest types

Conservation Partners

Sierra Club

Sky Island Alliance

Southern Rockies Ecosystem Project

Southwest Center for Biological Diversity



Relationship to other classification schemes

This ecoregion corresponds to Omernik's (1995) ecoregion #23 (Arizona/New Mexico Mountains) and there is a fair degree of overlap with Bailey's (1995:64) M313; Arizona-New Mexico Mountains Semi-Desert-Open Woodland-Coniferous Forest-Alpine Meadow Province.
Prepared by: D. DellaSalla.

This text was originally published in the book Terrestrial ecoregions of North America: a conservation assessment from Island Press. This assessment offers an in-depth analysis of the biodiversity and conservation status of North America's ecoregions.
All text by World Wildlife Fund © 2001



For more general information on this ecoregion, go to the WildWorld version of this description.